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HRTD Medical Institute

Practice of Medicine-3

Table of Contents

Practice of Medicine 3 Details

Practice of Medicine 3. Mobile Phone 01797522136, 01987073965. This subject includes Osteoporosis, Liver Cirrhosis, Prostatitis, GERD, H pylori infection, Infective Gastric Ulcer, Peptic Ulcer Disease, Hematemesis, Melena, Rota Viral Diarrhea, Define Chikungunia Fever, Malaria, Tetanus, Chlamydia Infection, Leishmaniasis (Kala Azar ) Leprosy, Whooping Cough, Hepatic Amoebiasis, Chickenpox, Diphtheria, etc. For more information about the mentioned diseases there are some courses at HRTD Medical Institute. The Courses are DMDS, DMA 3 Years, DMS 3 Years, Paramedical 3 Years, and PDT Medicine.

Osteoporosis ( āĻšāĻžā§œā§‡āϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧟ āϰ⧋āĻ— )

1.Osteoporosis āĻ•āĻŋ ? Osteoporosis āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ , āϞāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ“ āϚāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāϏāĻž āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰ āĨ¤

Osteoporosis in Practice of Medicine 3:

Bone tissue āĻ•ā§āώ⧟ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āωāĻšāĻž āϚāĻŋāĻ•āύ āĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāĻ™ā§āϗ⧁āϰ āĻšāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ Osteoporosis āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĨ¤

Osteoporosis āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ

  • Calcium āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇
  • Vitamin āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇
  • Hormonal Imbalance

Symptom of osteoporosis

Symptoms of osteoporosis are:

  • Back pain ( Fracture of vertebra collapsed vertebra )
  • Loss of height
  • āĻ…āϤāĻŋ āϏāĻšāĻœā§‡āχ āĻšāĻžā§œ āϭ⧇āĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ (easily bone fracture)

Treatment of Osteoporosis

  • Tab. Calcium + vitamin D ( 1+0+0 )
  • Tab. Bisphosphovate ( Ibandronic acid )
  • Hormonal imbalance āĻšāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āϚāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāϏāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇

Liver Cirrhosis

2. Liver Cirrhosis āĻāϰ definition āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ, Clinical feature āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϚāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāϏāĻž āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰ

Liver Cirrhosis āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ Liver āĻāϰ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϰ⧋āĻ— āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ hepatic cell āϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āύāĻˇā§āϟ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āύāϤ⧁āύ Nodule āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤

Cause of liver cirrhosis

  • Hepatitis
  • Alcohol
  • Drugs
  • āĻĒ⧁āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāĻšā§€āύāϤāĻž

Clinical feature of liver cirrhosis

  • āĻ•ā§āώ⧁āϧāĻž āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻž, āĻŦāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŽāĻŋ
  • āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ Constipation, āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ Diarrhoea
  • āĻĒ⧇āϟ āĻ“ āĻĒāĻžā§Ÿā§‡ āχāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻŽāĻž
  • āϜāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāϏ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇
  • āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ“ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĒāĻžā§ŸāĻ–āĻžāύāĻž
  • āϛ⧇āϞ⧇āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϝ⧌āύ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŽā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻ“ āĻŽā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ
  • Anaemia & Splcenomegaly

Investigation

Liver function test ultra sonogram

Treatment of liver cirrhosis

  • Vitamin A to Z
  • Symptomatic treatment
    • Edeam
    • Diarrhoea
    • Constipation
    • Vomiting
  • Protein & Carbohydrate āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇
  • Treatment of the cause

Prostatitis

3.Prostatitis āĻāϰ definition āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ, clinical feature āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ treatment āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰ

Prostatitis in Practice of Medicine 3

Inflammation of prostate is called Prostatitis

causes of Prostatitis

  • Infection of prostate gland
  • Enlargement of prostate gland

Clinical feature of Prostatitis

  • Urinary discomfort even after taken antibiotic
  • Late Urination ( āĻĻ⧇āϰāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻžāĻŦ āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž )

Treatment of Prostatitis

  • Tamsulosin ( 0.4 mg ) 7 days

āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇ Prostate gland āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇

Prostate gland āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ

  • Male patient age 50 years up
  • Prostate gland āĻ Inflammation āϝāĻž antibiotic āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻž āĨ¤
  • āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻžāĻŦ āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āϰāĻŋ āĻšā§Ÿ āĨ¤

GERD

4. GERD āĻ•āĻŋ ?GERD āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ , āϞāĻ•ā§āώāύ āĻ“ āϚāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāϏāĻž āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰ

GERD

Gastro esophageal reflux disease āϕ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ⧇ GERD āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĨ¤ āĻāχ āϰ⧋āϗ⧇ stomach āĻāϰ āĻ–āĻžāĻĻā§āϝ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻ“ juice āĻŽā§āϖ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āωāϠ⧇ āφāϏ⧇ āĨ¤

GERD āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ āϏāĻŽā§‚āĻš

  • Lower Esophageal sphincter ( LES )
  • Diaghragm āĻāϰ Esophageal opening āĻĸāĻŋāϞ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž

GERD āĻāϰ āϞāĻ•ā§āώāύ āϏāĻŽā§‚āĻš

  • āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ Heart burn āĻŦāĻž Throat burn
  • Chest pain
  • āĻŽā§āϖ⧇ āϟāĻ• āϟāĻ• āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻž
  • āĻļ⧁āĻ•āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŋ
  • āĻ—āĻŋāϞāϤ⧇ āĻ…āϏ⧁āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž
  • Stomach āĻāϰ āĻ–āĻžāĻĻā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āϟāĻ• liquid āĻŽā§āϖ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϚāϞ⧇ āφāϏāĻž

Treatment of GERD

  • Tab. Antacid ( ā§§ āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāύ⧇ ⧍ āĻŦāĻžāϰ āϚ⧁āώ⧇ āĻ–āĻžāĻŦ⧇ ā§Š/ā§Ģ āĻĻāĻŋāύ
  • Cap./Tab. Esomeprazole -20 mg ( āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻ–āĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻĒ⧇āĻŸā§‡ ā§§ āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ ā§§ āĻŽāĻžāϏ )
  • Tab. Azithromycin / Ciprofloxacin -ā§­ āĻĻāĻŋāύ

H. Pylori Infection

5.Infective Gastric Ulcer āĻ•āĻŋ ? Infective Gastric Ulcer āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ , āϞāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ“ āϚāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāϏāĻž āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰ

āϝ⧇ Gastric Ulcer āĻ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻžāύ⧁ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž Infection āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ Infective Gastric Ulcer āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ Helicobacter pylori āύāĻžāĻŽāĻ• bacteria āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž gastric wall āĻ infection.

Clinical feature

āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘ āĻĻāĻŋāύ Antiulcer drug āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϚāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāϏāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ āĻ•āĻžāύ⧁āύ āĻŽā§‡āύ⧇ āϚāϞāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻ“ Gastric Ulcer āĻ­āĻžāϞ āύāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇ H. pylori āύāĻžāĻŽāĻ• bacteria gastric wall āĻ infection āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āĨ¤

Investigation

H. pylori Ag test

Treatment

  • Helicon kits / pylotrip
    • Roxythromycin -300 mg ( 1+0+0 ) 14 days
    • Omeprazole – 20 mg ( 1+0+0 ) 28 days

Peptic Ulcer Disease ( PUD )

6. Peptic Ulcer Disease āĻ•āĻŋ ?Peptic Ulcer Disease āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ , āϞāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ“ āϚāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāϏāĻž āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰ

Peptic Ulcer Disease in Practice of Medicine 3

Stomach āĻŦāĻž Duodenum āĻāϰ wall āĻ acid āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ pepsin āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž ulcer āĻšāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ Peptic Ulcer Disease āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĨ¤

Peptic Ulcer Disease āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ

  • Hyperacidity
  • H. pylori āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž infection

Symptoms of peptic ulcer disease

  • Epigastric āĻ…āĻžā§āϚāϞ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻĨāĻž
  • āĻ­āϰāĻž āĻĒ⧇āĻŸā§‡ āĻŦāĻž āĻ–āĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻĒ⧇āĻŸā§‡ āĻŦā§āϝāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻžā§œā§‡
  • āĻŦāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻž āĻ–āĻžāĻĻā§āϝ āϖ⧇āϞ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻĨāĻž āĻ•āĻŽā§‡
  • āĻ•ā§āώ⧁āĻĻāĻž āĻ•āĻŽā§‡ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžā§œā§‡
  • āĻ“āϜāύ āĻ•āĻŽā§‡ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžā§œā§‡

Treatment of peptic ulcer disease

  • Tab. Antacid ( ā§§ āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāύ⧇ ⧍ āĻŦāĻžāϰ -ā§Š āĻĻāĻŋāύ )
  • Cap. Omeprazole ( āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāύ ā§§ āϟāĻŋ āĻ–āĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻĒ⧇āĻŸā§‡ -⧍ āĻŽāĻžāϏ )
  • Symptomatic treatment

Hematemesis ( āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻŽāĻŋ )

7. Hematemesis āĻāϰ definition , causes āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ treatment āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰ

Hematemesis in Practice of Medicine 3

āĻŦāĻŽāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āφāϏāĻžāϕ⧇ Hematemesis āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāϕ⧇ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āĨ¤

Causes of Hematemesis

  • Ulcer ( Esophageal, Gastric, Duodenal )
  • Erosion ( Esophageal, Gastric, Duodenal )
  • Vascular Malformation
  • Carcinoma ( Esophageal, Gastric )
  • Varices ( Protal vein thrombosis, Liver disease )

Treatment of Hematemesis

  • Antiemetic injection ( Ondansedron Injection )
  • Antihaemorrhagic drug ( Tranexamic acid injection )
  • PPI Injection
  • Esophageal burning ( Antacid liquid )
  • Bed rest
  • Nothing by mouth
  • IV infusion
  • Hospitalization

Melena ( āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻœā§āĻŦāϰ )

8. Define Melena. Mention the causes , clinical feature & treatment of melena.

Melena in Practice of Medicine 3

Upper GIT āĻāϰ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•ā§āώāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻĻāϰ⧁āύ āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧋ āφāϞāĻ•āĻžāϤāϰāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻŽāϞ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ—āϤ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϕ⧇ melena āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĨ¤

Causes of melena

  • Ulcer ( Esophageal, Gastric, Duodenal )
  • Erosion ( Esophageal, Gastric, Duodenal )
  • Bleeding disorder- Haemophilia
  • TB polyp or Carcinoma

treatment of melena

  • Tranexamic acid injection
  • PPI Injection
  • Antibiotic injection / tab.
  • Bed rest
  • Nothing by mouth
  • IV infusion
  • Hospitalization

Rota Viral Diarrhea

10. Rota Viral Diarrhea āĻāϰ definition causes , clinical feature and treatment āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰ

Rota Viral Diarrhea in Practice of Medicine 3

Rota virus āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āφāĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϝ⧇ diarrhea āĻšā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇Rota Viral Diarrhea āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĨ¤ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāύāϤ ā§Ŧ āĻŽāĻžāϏ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ ⧍ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰāĻž āĻ āϰ⧋āϗ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āφāĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĨ¤

āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻĒāĻĨ

āĻŽā§āĻ– āĻ—āĻšā§āĻŦāϰ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĨ¤ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ, āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ, āϖ⧇āϞāύāĻž, āφāϏāĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϰ⧋āϗ⧇āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻžāύ⧁ āĻ›āĻžā§œāĻžā§Ÿ āĨ¤

Clinical feature of Rota Viral Diarrhea

  • Fever, Vomiting, āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāϤ āĻĒāĻžāϤāϞāĻž āĻĒāĻžā§ŸāĻ–āĻžāύāĻž āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϤ⧀āĻŦā§āϰ āφāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ Diarrhea.
  • āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻļā§‚āĻŖā§āϝāϤāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĻā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§œā§‡
  • āĻ•ā§āώ⧁āĻĻāĻžāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻž, āĻĒ⧇āϟāĻĢāĻžāĻĒāĻž, āĻĻā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞāϤāĻž, āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻ•āĻˇā§āϟ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āĨ¤
  • āϞāĻ•ā§āώāύ āϗ⧁āϰāĻŋ ā§Ģ/ā§­ āĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇

Treatment of Rota Viral Diarrhea

  • Antibiotic ( Cefaclor / Ciprofloxacin )
  • ORS / IV saline
  • Symptomatic treatment

Prevention of Rota Viral Diarrhea

  • āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻ¨ā§āύāϤāĻž
  • Rota Viral āĻŸā§€āĻ•āĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϕ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ ( ā§Ž āĻŽāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ )

Chikungunia Infection / Chikungunia Fever

11. Define Chikungunia Fever. Mention the clinical feature and treatment of Chikungunia Fever

Definition of Chikungunia Fever/ Practice of Medicine 3

Chikungunia āύāĻžāĻŽāĻ• virus āĻāϰ infection āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻœā§āĻŦāϰ āĻšā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ Chikungunia Fever āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĨ¤

Clinical feature of Chikungunia Fever

  • Fever
  • Joint pain & Muscle pain
  • āĻœā§āĻŦāϰ ā§§ āϏāĻĒā§āϤāĻžāĻšā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϞ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻĨāĻž āĻ­āĻžāϞ āĻšāϤ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϞāĻžāϗ⧇ ⧍ā§Ļ āĻĻāĻŋāύ

Investigation

  • Platelet & RBC count ( Dengue āύ⧟ āĻāĻŽāύāϟāĻŋ confirm āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ )
  • Antibody test
  • ā§§ āϏāĻĒā§āϤāĻžāĻšā§‡ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ⧇ virus āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ

treatment of Chikungunia Fever

  • Paracetamol
  • āĻĒā§āϰāϚ⧁āϰ āϤāϰāϞ āĻ–āĻžāĻĻā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ
  • āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻ•ā§āώāύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ

Malaria

12. Malaria āĻ•āĻŋ ? Malaria āϰ⧋āϗ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ, āϞāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ“ āϚāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāϏāĻž āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰ

Malaria in Practice of Medicine 3

Plasmodium āύāĻžāĻŽāĻ• protozoa āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž infection āĻšāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ malaria āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĨ¤

Causes of malaria

  • Plasmodium āύāĻžāĻŽāĻ• protozoa

Malaria āϰ⧋āϗ⧇āϰ āϞāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ

  • Nausea or Vomiting
  • Enlargement of spleen
  • Dry cough
  • Muscle pain & back pain
  • Fever & Headache
  • Chills & Sweating
  • Fatigue

Investigation of malaria

MP Test ( positive )

Treatment of malaria

  • Antimalarial drug
    • Chloroquine
    • Hydroxy chloroquine
    • Mefloquine
    • Quinine sulphate
  • Symptomatic treatment

Tetanus [ āϧāύ⧁āĻˇā§āϟāĻ‚āĻ•āĻžāϰ]

13. Define Tetanus. Mention the clinical feature and treatment of Tetanus

Definition of Tetanus in Practice of Medicine 3

Clostridium tetani āύāĻžāĻŽāĻ• bacteria āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž infection āĻšāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ Tetanus āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

Clinical feature of tetanus

  • āĻšā§‹āϝāĻŧāĻžāϞ lock āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ (Masscter muscle āĻ spasm āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύāϟāĻŋ āϘāĻŸā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇)
  • Frontalis āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ mouth angle muscle āĻāϰ contraction āϘāĻŸā§‡āĨ¤
  • Neck āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ trunk āĻāϰ muscle āϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • āĻŽā§‡āϰ⧁āĻĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āϧāύ⧁āϕ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ āĻŦ⧇āρāϕ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • Abdominal wall board āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • āϰ⧋āĻ—ā§€āϰ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧁ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
  • From exhaustion, asphyxia or aspiration pneumoniaI

Investigation

( on clinical grounds ) āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻžāύ⧁ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āύ⧟ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϖ⧁āĻŦāχ āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāύ

Treatment of tetanus

  • Neutralization of toxin HIV Injection ( Human tetanus antitoxin 3000 U )
  • Prevention of further toxin production ( IV Injection Benzyl penicillin 600 mg 6 hourly )
  • (Penicillin allergy āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ Metronidazole āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇)
  • Control of spasm ( Quiet room āĻ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ Nursing āϏ⧇āĻŦāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ )
  • IV Injection Diazepam (spasm continue āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇)
  • General Measure ( Hydration āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Nutrition Maintain āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ )
  • Secondary Infection āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ treatment āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Chlamydia Infection

14. What is Chlamydia Infection? Mention the clinical feature and treatment of Chlamydia Infection.

Definition of Chlamydia Infection/ Practice of Medicine 3

Chlamydia āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ sexually transmitted disease āϝāĻž Chlamydia trachomatis āύāĻžāĻŽāĻ• bacteria āĻāϰ infection āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āϘāĻŸā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤

Clinical feature of Chlamydia

In men

(āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ symptom āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āύāĻž)

  • Discharge from penis
  • (āĻĒāĻļāĻžāĻŦ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝ āĻœā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻž āϝāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāύāĻžāĨ¤
  • Penis āĻāϰ āĻŽā§‚āϖ⧇ burning āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž Itching
  • Testis pain āĻ“ swelling āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

In Women

  • Abnormal vaginal discharge (āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻ—āĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇)
  • (āĻĒāĻļāĻžāĻŦ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Intercourse āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŦā§āϝāĻĨāĻž āĻ“ āĻœā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻž āϝāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāύāĻžāĨ¤

Whooping Cough

15. Define Whooping Cough? Mention the Causes , clinical feature & treatment of Whooping Cough.

Definition of Whooping Cough in Practice of Medicine 3

Whooping Cough is a highly contagious respiratory disease.

Causes of Whooping Cough

Bordetclla pertussis āύāĻžāĻŽāĻ• bacteria āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž infection ( āύāĻžāĻ• āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻ—āϞāĻž )

Symptoms of Whooping Cough

1st week

Symptoms āϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāύāϤ āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻž āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻžāϰ āĻŽāϤāχ

  • Mild coughing
  • Sneezing
  • Runny nose
  • Low fever ( Temperature below 102 āĻĄāĻŋāĻ—ā§āϰāĻŋ )

2nd week or 3 rd week

Cough with whooping sound .( Because the cough is dry and dose not produce mucous )

Treatment of Whooping Cough

  • Antibiotic ( āϕ⧋āύ cough syrup āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻž )
  • āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ ( Vaeci DTAP )

Diphtheria

16. Diphtheria āĻ•āĻŋ ? Diphtheria āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ, āϞāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ“ āϚāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāϏāĻž āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰ

Definition of Diphtheria in Practice of Medicine 3

Diphtheria āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ• bacteria infection āϝāĻž Coryne bacterium Diphtheria āύāĻžāĻŽāĻ• bacteria āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϏāĻ‚āϘāϟāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ throat āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ nose āĻāϰ mucous membrane āĻ affect āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĨ¤

Causes of Diphtheria

Coryne bacterium Diphtheria āύāĻžāĻŽāĻ• bacteria āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž infection . Bacterial toxin āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ¸ā§āϰ⧋āϤ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻ›ā§œāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§œā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§Ÿāχ āύāĻžāĻ•, āĻ—āϞāĻž, āϜāĻŋāĻšā§āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻž airway āϤ⧇ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ“ āϧ⧁āϏāϰ coating āϤ⧈āϰ⧀ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĨ¤

Symptoms of Diphtheria

āϕ⧋āύ āϕ⧋āύ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ Symptoms āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āύāĻž āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāύāϤ infection āĻāϰ ⧍ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ ā§Ģ āĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻĒāϰ Symptom āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āĨ¤

  • Gray coating on the throat and tonsils
  • Neck āĻāϰ hymph node āϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻĢ⧁āϞ⧇ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ
  • āύ⧀āϞāĻžāĻ­ skin
  • āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ⧇ āĻŦāĻž āĻ—āĻŋāϞāϤ⧇ āĻ…āϏ⧁āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž
  • āĻ­āĻŋāĻļāύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ

Investigation of Diphtheria/ Practice of Medicine 3

Tissue culture of the affected area

Treatment of Diphtheria

  • Antitoxin Injection ( to counter act the toxin )
  • Antibiotics ( Azithromycin or Erythromycin )

Chickenpox ( āϜāϞāĻŦāϏāĻ¨ā§āϤ )

17. Define Chickenpox. Mention the clinical feature and treatment of Chickenpox.

Definition of Chickenpox/ Practice of Medine 3

Chickenpox āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ ⧇āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ highly contagious disease āϝāĻž Vericella Zoster Virus ( VZV ) āĻāϰ infection āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āϘāĻŸā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āĨ¤

Clinical features of Chickenpox

  • Skin rash that forms small itchy blisters all over the body
  • Fever, Tiredness, and Headache symptoms last 5 to 10 days

Complication

May be pneumonia, inflammation of the brain, and bacterial skin infection.

Treatment

  • Antibiotic ( to precut bacterial infection )
  • Paracetamol
  • Antihistamine
  • Calamine lotion ( topical use )
  • Zine oxide + One interventions

Sometime

Antiviral drug ( Aciclovir )

Spread

It is an airborne disease . So it spread through Waugh & Sneezes of an infection person.

Leishmaniasis ( Kala- Azar )

Black Fever ( āĻ•āĻžāϞāĻž āĻœā§āĻŦāϰ )

18.Leishmaniasis ( Kala- Azar ) āĻ•āĻŋ ? Leishmaniasis āĻ•āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ ?

Leishmaniasis ( Kala- Azar )/ Practice of Medicine 3

Leishmaniasis āύāĻžāĻŽāĻ• protozoa āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž infection āĻšāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ Leishmaniasis ( Kala- Azar ) āĻŦāϞ⧇

āĻāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻœā§āĻŦāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻžāϞāĻž āĻœā§āĻŦāϰ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĨ¤

Leishmaniasis āϤāĻŋāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ

  • Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
  • Visceral Leishmaniasis
  • Mucosal Leishmaniasis

Treatment of Leishmaniasis

  • Sodium Stibogluconate injection ( Stibatin injection )
  • Paracetamol
  • Symptomatic treatment

Dose of stibatin Injection

10 cc stibatin for 50 mg weight every alternative day ( Maximum 200 cc for each injection )

Leprosy ( āϕ⧁āĻˇā§āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāϧāĻŋ )

19.Define Leprosy . Mention the Clinical feature and treatment of Leprosy.

Definition of Leprosy/Practice of Medicine 3

Leprosy āĻŦāĻž āϕ⧁āĻˇā§āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāϧāĻŋ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ chronic infectious disease āϝāĻž mycobacterium leprosy āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž mycobacterium lepromatiosis āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϘāĻŸā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āĨ¤

Clinical feature of Leprosy

  • Peripheral nerves āĻ granuloma
  • Upper respiratory tract āĻāϰ mucosa āϤ⧇ granuloma
  • Skin lesions ( light or dark )

āĻāχ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ āϚāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāϏāĻž āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇

  • Permanent damage of skin, nerves, limbs and eyes
  • Secondary infection āχāĻšāĻž āĻšāĻžāϤ āĻĒāĻžā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āφāĻ™ā§āϗ⧁āϞ⧇āϰ tissue damage āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĨ¤ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āφāĻ™ā§āϗ⧁āϰ āϛ⧋āϟ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āφāϏ⧇ āĨ¤

Investigation

Acid fast bacilli in a biopsy of the skin

Spread

Cough āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āύāĻžāϕ⧇āϰ fluid āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻāχ āϰ⧋āĻ— āĻ›ā§œāĻžā§Ÿ

Treatment of Leprosy

  • Multidrug therapy āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āύāĻŋāĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻšā§Ÿ
    • Rifampicin ( for 12 months )
    • Dapsone

Paucibacillary leprosy

  • Rifampicin leprosy ( for 6 months )
  • Dapsone
  • Clofazimine
  • āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ•āĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ• Antibiotic āĻ“ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇

WHO āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝ⧇ Leprosy āĻāϰ treatment āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇

Hepatic Amoebiasis

20. Hepatic Amoebiasis āĻ•āĻŋ ? Hepatic Amoebiasis āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ, āϞāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϚāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāϏāĻž āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻĨ āĻ•āϰ

Hepatic Amoebiasis/ Practice of Medicine 3

Amoeba āύāĻžāĻŽāĻ• protozoa ( Entamoeba histolytica ) āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž Liver āĻ infection āĻšāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ Hepatic Amoebiasis āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĨ¤

Causes of Hepatic Amoebiasis

  • Entamoeba histolytica protozoa

Clinical feature of Hepatic Amoebiasis

  • Local discomfort & Malaise ( Liver āĻ…āĻžā§āϚāϞ⧇ )
  • Enlarged tender liver
  • Pain in the right
  • Raised diaphragm ( X- Ray )
  • Moderate Neutrophil Leucocytosis

Treatment of Hepatic Amoebiasis

  • tab. Metronidazole 800 mg 3 times daily ( 10 days )
  • Tab. Tinidazole 800 mg 3 times daily ( 5 days )
  • Tab. Diloxanide furoate 500 mg 3 times daily ( 10 days ) with meal

Followed by

Tab. Chloroquine 500 mg daily for 14 days

21. Mention the investigation of Hepatic Amoebiasis with short description.

Investigation of Hepatic Amoebiasis

  • Blood picture
  • stool Examination ( Microscopic )
  • Liver function test
  • X-Ray ( Chest )
  • Ultrasonography of Hepatobiliary system

Short Description

  • Blood picture
    • Mild to Moderate anaemia
    • Moderate leucocytosis
  • stool Examination ( Microscopic )
    • Amoeba āĻāϰ cysts āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇
  • Liver function test ( ‍Slightly abnormal āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ ) āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ⧇ ALT, ALP AST āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Bilirubin āĻŦāĻžā§œāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āĨ¤ Albumin āĻ•āĻŽāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āĨ¤
  • X-Ray ( Chest )
    • Right Hemi diaphragm āĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āϟāĻž elevated āĻšāĻŦ⧇
  • Ultrasonography of Hepatobiliary system ( āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āϕ⧋āύ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ⧇ symptoms āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻž āϤāĻž āϜāĻžāύāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĨ¤ āχāĻšāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ Confirmatory test.
HRTD Medical Institute

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