Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Chronic Kidney Disease Details

Chronic Kidney Disease. HRTD Medical Institute Mobile Phone Number 01797522136, 01987073965. Chronic Kidney Disease is a type of long term kidney disease, in which either there is a gradual loss of kidney functions which occurs over a period of months or years. This condition is also called Renal failure, Kidney failure, Renal impairment, Chronic Renal Disease, Impaired Kidney Function, etc. Chronic Kidney Disease is an important subjects of PDT course of HRTD Medical Institute.

Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic Kidney Disease is a common condition often associated with getting older. CKD can get worse over time & eventually the kidneys may stop working altogether, but this is uncommon. Many people with CKD are able to live long lives with the condition.

Symptoms of CKD

Symptoms of Chronic kidney diseases are-

• Tiredness
• Swollen ankles, feet or hands
• Shortness of breath
• Feelings sick
• Blood in your urine

Causes of CKD

• High blood pressure
• Diabetes
• High cholesterol
• Kidney infection
• Glomerulonephritis
• Autosomal dominant polycystic
• kidney stone

Treatment of CKD

• Kidney transplant-This may be necessary in advanced CKD
• Dialysis- Treatment to replicate some of the kidneys function.

Anatomy of Urinary System

Urinary System consists of Right Kidney, Left Kidney, Right Ureter, Left Ureter, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra.

Anatomy of Urinary System

Parts of Kidney are Renal Cortex, Renal Medulla, Nephrons, Collecting Ducts, Renal Calix, Renal Pelvis.

Anatomy of Nephron

Nephron consists of Bowmen’s capsule, Glomerulus, Proximal Convoluted Tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubule, Collecting Duct.

Common Kidney Problems

Common kidney diseases include:

Kidney cancer: A rare tumor that can occur due to the high frequency of kidney cysts. 

Chronic kidney disease (CKD): A long-term condition that worsens over time. High blood pressure and diabetes are the most common causes. 

Kidney stones: A common kidney problem that can range in size from a grain of sand to a golf ball. 

Kidney infection: Can be serious if left untreated. Symptoms include pain in the lower back, fever, chills, and pain while urinating. 

Acute kidney injury (AKI): A sudden decline in kidney function that requires immediate treatment. AKI can be fatal. 

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD): A genetic disorder that causes fluid-filled cysts to grow in the kidneys. 

Glomerulonephritis: A disease that damages the glomeruli, the filtering units in the kidneys. 

Membranous nephropathy: An immune system disorder that attacks the waste-filtering membranes in the kidneys. 

Kidney Failure ( Renal Failure)

Kidney failure is sometimes temporary & develops quickly of acute kidney failure. It is a long time condition that slowly gets worse over time of chronic kidney failure. Kidney failure can worsen to the most severe stage, end stage kidney disease which is deadly without treatment.

Five stages of end stage renal disease

Five stages of renal disease

Stage l. Your GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate) is higher than 90. At this stage, your kidneys have mild damage but still function normally.

Stage ll. Your GFR may be as low as 60 or as high as 89. You have more damage to your kidneys than in stage l, but they still function well.

Stage lll. Your GFR may be as low as 30 or as high as 59.You may have mild or severe loss of kidney function.

Stage lV. Your GFR may be as low as 15 or as high as 29. You have severe loss of kidney function.

Stage V. Your GFR is below 15. Your kidneys are nearing or at complete failure. Generally, this is when you would start to have symptoms.

Kidney Profile Test

Blood Test: Creatinine, Urea, Uric acid, Amonium salt

eGFR (expected Glomerulo Filtration Rate)

Urine Test: Creatinine, Urea, Uric acid, Amonium salt

Imaging Test: Ultrasound for identifying kidneys’ structure and size.

Kidney biopsy: Taking kidney tissue with the help of local anesthesia and needle.

Risk Factors of Chronic kidney disease

• Diabetes
• Smoking
• High blood pressure
• Cardiovascular disease
• Obesity
• Abnormal kidney structure
• Older age

Complication of CKD

• Fluid retention which could lead to swelling, arms & legs, high blood pressure.
• Anemia
• Heart disease
• Increase risk of bone fractures
• Decreased immune response
• Decreased sex drive