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HRTD Medical Institute

Medical Diagnosis-1

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Medical Diagnosis-1 Details

Medical Diagnosis. Mobile Phone 01797522136, 01987073965. Medical diagnosis is an important subject in medical science. It is essential for a medical doctor or medical practitioner.

Medical Diagnosis Image
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The common topics of medical diagnosis are general examinations for diagnosis, inspection, palpation, auscultation, percussion, rhonchi, crackle, pulmonary local zero sound, clinical features of jaundice, clinical features of appendicitis, clinical features of dehydration, causes of hepatomegaly, Mc Burney’s point, common cause of wheeze, common cause of cough, cyanosis, Murphy’s sign, causes of pyuria, causes of proteinuria, causes of oliguria. Medical Diagnosis is important for Doctors, Primary Medical Practitioners, Nurses, Emergency Medical Officers, Emergency Medical Assistants, Medical Assistants, and Village Doctors. There are many courses for Primary Medical Practitioners, Emergency Medical Assistants, Medical Assistants, Paramedical Doctors, and Village Doctors Courses in HRTD Medical Institute. Medical Diagnosis is essential before the Practice of Medicine.

1. Mention the general examination in medical diagnosis.

General examination in medical diagnosis

  • Anaemia (āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāϤāĻž)
  • Blood pressure (āϰāĻ•ā§āϤāϚāĻžāĻĒ)
  • Body built (āĻĻ⧇āĻšā§‡āϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ)
  • Cyanosis (āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ āύ⧀āϞ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖ āϧāĻžāϰāύ)
  • Dehydration (āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāϤāĻž)
  • Edema (āϟāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϝ⧁āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āϜāĻŽā§‡ āĻĢ⧁āϞ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž)
  • Jaundice (āĻšāϞ⧁āĻĻ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖ āϧāĻžāϰāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž)
  • Lymph node
  • Nutrition (āĻĒ⧁āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ)
  • Pulse (āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āĻĄā§‡āω)
  • Respiration (āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āĻ—āϤāĻŋ)
  • Swelling (āĻĢ⧁āϞ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž)
  • Skin (āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ•)
  • Temperature (āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž)

2.Define inspection and palpation in Medical Diagnosis

Inspection: Doctor āϤāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‹āĻ– āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϰ⧋āĻ—ā§€āϰ āϝ⧇ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇āύ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ inspection āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

Palpation: Doctor āϤāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻžāϤ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϰ⧋āĻ—ā§€āϰ āϝ⧇ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇āύ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ Palpation āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

3.Define auscultation and percussion in Medical Diagnosis.

Auscultation: Stethoscope āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϰ⧋āĻ— āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāϕ⧇ auscultation āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

Percussion: Body āϤ⧇ (āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰ⧇ chest āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ abdomen) āĻšāĻžāϤ āϰ⧇āϖ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āφāĻ™ā§āϗ⧁āϞ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŸā§‹āĻ•āĻž āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϰ⧋āĻ— āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāϕ⧇ Percussion āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

4.Mention the basic idea about auscultation in Medical Diagnosis

Basic idea about auscultation in medical diagnosis

Stethoscope āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž heart sound, respiration sound āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ bowel sound āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ– āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻļ⧁āύ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āϧāĻžāϰāύāĻž āύāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻĢāϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻļā§‹āύāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāχ āϤāĻž āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āύ⧟ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϰ⧋āĻ— āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āύ⧟ āϏāĻšāϜ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

5.Mention the area of auscultation in Medical Diagnosis

Area of auscultation

  • āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ clavicle āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ 6th rib
  • āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļā§āĻŦ⧇ axilla āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ 8th rib
  • āĻĒāĻŋāĻ›āύ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāρāϧ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ 11th rib
  • āύāĻžāĻ­āĻŋāϰ āϚāĻžāϰāĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇ intestine āĻāϰ āύ⧜āĻžāϚ⧜āĻž āĻ“ āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϚāϞāĻžāϚāϞāĨ¤

6. Define Rhonchi, and mention the disease that creates rhonchi.

Rhonchi: Respiratory system āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟ āĻŦāĻžāρāĻļāĻŋāϰ āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āϏ⧁āϰ⧇āϞāĻž āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϕ⧇ Rhonchi āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

Disease that create rhonchi: Asthma and COPD āϰ⧋āϗ⧇ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻ›āĻžā§œāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ rhonchi āĻļā§‹āύāĻž āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ–āĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāύ⧇āĻ“ rhonchi āĻļā§‹āύāĻž āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤

7. Define crackles, Mention the disease that create crackles

Crackles (āĻ—ā§œ āĻ—ā§œ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): crackles āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻāĻ• āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āϝāĻž āĻŦ⧇āϏ⧁āϰ⧋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĨ⧇āĻŽā§‡ āĻĨ⧇āĻŽā§‡ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Disease that create Crackle: Pneumonia, TB āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Bronchitis āϰ⧋āϗ⧇ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻāχ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻļā§‹āύāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

8. Define pulmonary local zero sound in Medical Diagnosis.

Pulmonary local zero sound: Lungs āĻāϰ āϕ⧋āύ āĻ…āĻžā§āϚāϞ⧇ (local area) āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻļā§‹āύāĻž āύāĻž āϗ⧇āϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ pulmonary local zero sound āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤ Pleural effusion, Pneumothorax and Hemothorax āϰ⧋āϗ⧇ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻļā§‹āύāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āĻ…āĻžā§āϚāϞ⧇ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻļā§‹āύāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

9. Define bowel sounds.

Bowel sound:

Intestine āĻāϰ āύāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϚāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ sound āϕ⧇ bowel sound āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤ āύāĻžāĻ­ā§€āϰ āϚāĻžāϰāĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļā§āĻŦ⧇ auscultation āĻ•āϰ⧇ bowel sound āĻļā§‹āύāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ Acute abdomen āĻ bowel sound āĻļā§‹āύāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤

10. Mention the clinical features of jaundice.

Clinical featuers of jaundice

  • sclera, āϜāĻŋāĻšā§āĻŦāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡ āĻ“ āĻšāĻžāϤ⧇āϰ āϤāĻžāϞ⧁āϤ⧇ āĻšāϞ⧁āĻĻ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āύ āϧāĻžāϰāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
  • āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϰāĻžāĻŦ āĻšāϞ⧁āĻĻ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
  • Bilirubin āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧ (āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ⧇)āĨ¤

11. Define rovsing sign with example.

Rovsing sign: Left ileac āĻ…āĻžā§āϚāϞ⧇ āϚāĻžāĻĒ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ right ileac āĻ…āĻžā§āϚāϞ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĨāĻž āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϕ⧇ Rovsing sign āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤ Appendicitis āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ rovsing sign positive āĻšāĻŦ⧇

12.Mention the clinical features of appendicitis

Clinical features of appendicitis

  • Right ileac āĻ…āĻžā§āϚāϞ⧇ McBurney’s point āĻ āϚāĻžāĻĒ āĻĻāĻŋāϞ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĨāĻž āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • Left ileac āĻ…āĻžā§āϚāϞ⧇ āϚāĻžāĻĒ āĻĻāĻŋāϞ⧇ right ileac āĻ…āĻžā§āϚāϞ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĨāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇
  • Right ileac āĻ…āĻžā§āϚāϞ⧇ āϚāĻžāĻĒ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻšāĻ āĻžā§Ž āϛ⧇āĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϞ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋāĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĨāĻž āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­āĻŦ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

13. Mention the clinical features of dehydration

Clinical features of dehydration

  • āϜāĻŋāĻšāĻŦāĻž āĻļ⧁āĻˇā§āĻ• āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤
  • āĻšā§‹āĻ– āĻŦāϏ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϚāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻžāϰ āϤāĻžāϞ⧁ āĻŦāϏ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • Skin āĻāϰ elasticity āĻ•āĻŽā§‡ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ (skin āĻŽā§‹āϚ⧜ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻāχ test āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

14. Mention the edema test.

āφāĻ™ā§āϗ⧁āϞ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϚāĻžāĻĒ āĻĻāĻŋāϞ⧇ āĻŦāϏ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϛ⧇āĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϞ⧇ āϏāĻšāĻœā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĢāĻŋāϰ⧇ āφāϏ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž tissue āĻāϰ elasticity āĻ•āĻŽā§‡ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ—ā§‹ā§œāĻžāϞāĻŋāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āφāĻ™ā§āϗ⧁āϞ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϚāĻžāĻĒ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻāχ test āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

15. Define coastal margin. Draw a figure and indicate the coastal margin.

Thorax āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϕ⧇ coastal margin āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤ Coastal margin āĻĻ⧁āχāϟāĻŋāĨ¤

  • Right coastal margin
  • Left coastal margin

16. Define hepatomegaly. Draw a figure and describe hepatomegaly in short.

Liver āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦ⧜ āĻšāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ hepatomegaly āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

Description: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ liver āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ Right coastal margin āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡āĨ¤

āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ liver āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ

  • āĻ…āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡ āύ⧇āĻŽā§‡ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ
  • āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϤ⧇ coastal margin āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āύāĻžāĻ­ā§€āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϚāϞ⧇ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ
  • āĻ…āϤāĻŋ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϤ⧇ āύāĻžāĻ­ā§€ āĻĒāϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻāĻŽāύāĻ•āĻŋ āύāĻžāĻ­ā§€ āĻĒāĻžāϰ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ

17. Mention the names of diseases that cause hepatomegaly

Names of diseases that cause hepatomegaly

  • Liver cancer
  • Kala Azar
  • Lymphoma
  • Leukemia
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Right heart failure

18. Define Mc Burney’s point. Mention the clinical importance of Mc Burney’s point.

Mc Burney’s point: Iliac crest and umbilica āĻāϰ āĻĻ⧁āϰāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāϕ⧇ āϏāĻŽāĻžāύ āϤāĻŋāύāĻ­āĻžāϗ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧇ iliac crest āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ 1/3 and umbilica āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ 2/3 āĻĻā§‚āϰāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇ āϝ⧇ point āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ Mc Burney’s point āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

Clinical importance of Mc Burney’ point: Appendicitis āĻšāϞ⧇ Mc Burney’s point āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĨāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ Mc Burney’s point āĻ āϚāĻžāĻĒ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ“ Appendicitis āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĨāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āύ⧟ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

19.Define Wheeze and cough

Wheeze(āĻšāĻžāρāϚāĻŋ): Upper respiratory tract āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ āĻ…āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϕ⧇ āύāĻžāĻ• āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ biological mechanism āϕ⧇ Wheeze āĻŦāĻž āĻšāĻžāρāϚāĻŋ āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

Cough (āĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŋ): Lower respiratory tract āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ āĻ…āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϕ⧇ āĻŽā§āĻ– āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ biological mechanism āϕ⧇ cough āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

20. Mention the common cause of wheeze.

  • Rhinitis
  • pharyngitis
  • Sinusitis
  • Nasal polyp
  • Foreign body in the URT
  • Anaphylaxis (Severe allergic reaction)
  • Post nasal drip

21. Mention the common cause of cough.

  • Asthma
  • Chronic bronchitis
  • COPD
  • Pneumonia
  • LRTI (Lower Respiratory tract infection)
  • Foreign body in the LRT

22. Define cyanosis. Mention the common causes of cyanosis.

Cyanosis: Poor blood circulation āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻĒāϝāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ oxygenation āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ⧇ skin āĻāϰ āύ⧀āϞ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āύ āϧāĻžāϰāύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϕ⧇ cyanosis āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

Common causes of cyanosis

  • Reduced cardiac output (e. g. heart failure, hypovolemia)
  • COPD
  • Arterial obstruction (e. g. PVD, Raynaud phenomenon)
  • All common causes of central cyanosis.

23. Murphy’s sign āĻ•āĻŋ? Murphy’s sign āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ gall bladder Inflammation āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŖāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ?

Murphy’s sign: Murphy’s sign is an indicate of gall bladder inflammation in medical diagnosis.

Murphy’s sign āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ gall bladder inflammation ⤍ā¤ŋāĻ°ā§āύ⧟ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāσ

  • āϰ⧋āĻ—ā§€āϕ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āύāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • Right Mid-clavicular line āĻŦāϰāĻžāĻŦāϰ gall bladder Inflammation āĻāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧇ āφāĻ™ā§āϗ⧁āϞ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϚāĻžāĻĒ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • gall bladder āĻ Inflammation āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻž āφāĻ™ā§āϗ⧁āϞ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϞāĻžāĻ—āϞ⧇ āϤ⧀āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻŖ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĨāĻž āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϰ⧋āĻ—ā§€ āĻšāĻ āĻžā§Ž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĢ⧇āϞāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž Murphy’s sign positive.

24. Define glycosuria. Mention the causes of glycosuria.

Glycosuria: Urine āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ glucose āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ glycosuria āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

Causes of glycosuria:

  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Pregnancy
  • Hyper pituitaries
  • Hyper adrenals
  • Increased intracranial pressure
  • Mental anxiety
  • Chronic liver failure
  • General anaesthesia

25. Define haematuria. Mention the causes of haematuria.

Haematuria in medical diagnosis: Urine āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ blood āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ haematuria āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

Causes of haematuria:

  • Urinary tract problems
    • injury
    • Infection
    • Urinary TB
    • Stone
    • Malignancy
  • Systemic disease
    • Coagulation disorder
    • Malignant hypertention
  • Drugs
    • Anticoagulant therapy

26. Define pyuria. Mention the causes of pyuria.

Pyuria: Urine āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻĒ⧁āϜ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ pyuria āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

Causes of pyuria:

  • Renal TB
  • Stone
  • Renal abscess
  • Gonorrhea
  • Urethritis
  • Cystitis
  • Pyelitis

27. Define proteinuria. Mention the causes of proteinuria.

Proteinuria in medical diagnosis: The presence of protein in urine is called proteinuria. This protein is mainly albumin. So this is also called albuminuria.

Causes of proteinuria:

  • Physical cause
  • Pathological cause
    • Pre Renal Cause
    • Post Renal Cause

28. Mention the physiological causes of proteinuria.

Physiological causes of proteinuria in medical diagnosis:

  • Orthostatic of posture
  • High protein intake
  • Exercise
  • Exposure to cold
  • Mental strain

29. Mention the renal causes of renal causes of proteinuria

Renal causes of proteinuria in medical diagnosis

  • AGN
  • Nephritic syndrome
  • Pyelonephritis
  • Renal TB
  • Neoplasm
  • Renal amyloidosis

30. Mention the post-renal causes of proteinuria.

Post-renal causes of proteinuria in medical diagnosis

  • Prostatitis
  • Urethritis
  • Cystitis
  • Calculi

31. Mention the pre-renal causes of proteinuria

Pre-renal causes of proteinuria in medical diagnosis

  • DM (Diabetic Mellitus)
  • CCF (Congestive cardiac failure)
  • Hypertension
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Toxemia of pregnancy
  • Liver cirrhosis
  • Fever

32. Define Oliguria. Mention the causes of oliguria.

Oliguria in medical diagnosis: Urine output is less than 400 ml in 24 hours is called oliguria.

Causes of oliguria

  • Physiological causes of oliguria
    • Decreases in fluid intake
    • Excess sweating
  • Pathological causes of oliguria
    • loss of fluid (Hemorrhage, Vomiting, Diarrhea)
    • AGN
    • CCF (Congestive cardiac failure)
    • Shock
    • Urinary tract obstruction
    • Transfusion reaction

33. Define polyuria. Mention the causes of polyuria.

Polyuria: āϘāύ āϘāύ āĻŽā§‚āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž ⧍ā§Ē āϘāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ†ā§œāĻžāχ āϞāĻŋāϟāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻŽā§‚āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ polyuria āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

Causes of polyuria:

  • General cause
  • Urinary disorder (UTI, Chronic Renal Failure)
  • Hormonal disorder
  • Circulatory disorders (CCF / CHF)
  • Neurological disorder (Brain damage)
  • Others (Pregnancy, high altitude)

34. Mention the general causes of polyuria.

General causes of polyuria

  • Increase fluid intake
  • Drugs (Diuretic, Prednisolone)
  • Foods (Juice, Soft drinks, Tea, Coffee)
  • Psychological

35. Mention the hormonal causes of polyuria.

Hormonal causes of polyuria

  • Diabetes Mellitus
  • Diabetes Insipidus
  • Cushing’s syndrome
  • Addison’s disease
  • Hyperparathyroidism
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Acromegaly

36. Mention the clinical features of UTI.

Clinical features of UTI

  • Urinary frequency but all amount of urine output
  • Burning urination and dysuria
  • Urinary incontinence
  • Foul-smelling urine
  • Cloudy urine or haematuria
  • Pyrexia with or without rigor
  • Supra pubic pain
  • Nausea or vomiting

37. Define Nephritic Syndrome (NS) or Nephrosis.

Nephritic Syndrome (NS) or Nephrosis:

Nephritic syndrome āĻŦāĻž Nephrosis āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻāĻ• āϧāϰāϞ⧇āϰ kidney disease āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ –

  • Oedema
  • Loss of plasma protein through urine due to increased glomerular permeability.

38. Mention the causes of nephrotic syndrome.

Cause of nephritic syndrome

  • Idiopathic (āĻ…āϜāĻžāύāĻž)
  • Infection
    • Hepatitis B end Hepatitis C
    • HIV, Syphilis
    • Malaria, Filaria
    • Toxoplasma
  • Drugs (NSAID)
  • Malignancy: Leukemia, Lymphoma.
  • Toxin: Bee stings, Snake poison
  • System illness:
    • Rheumatoid arthritis
    • Poly arthritis nodosa
  • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

39. Mention the clinical features of nephrotic syndrome.

Clinical features of nephritic syndrome:

  • Local edema (face, leg, etc.)
  • Frothiness of urine (āĻĢ⧇āύāĻžāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻŽā§‚āĻ¤ā§āϰ)
  • Fatigue, Lethargy, Weakness (āĻ…āĻŦāϏāĻžāĻĻ, āϤāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻžāϞ⧁āϤāĻž, āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āύāϤāĻž)
  • Poor appetite
  • Episodic (āϘāύ āϘāύ) abdominal pain
  • Features of complication (Pleural effusion, ascites )

40. Mention the sites for observing cyanosis.

Sites for observe cyanosis:

  • Central cyanonis:
    • Tip of the tongue (āϜāĻŋāĻšāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ—ā§āϰāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ)
  • Peripheral cyanosis:
    • Ala Nasi (āύāĻžāϕ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻ–āύāĻž)
    • Ear Lobule (āĻ•āĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϞāϤāĻŋ)
    • Finger tips and toe tips
    • āĻ ā§‹āρāϟ āĻ“ āĻ—āĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āφāĻ­ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰāĻŋāύ āĻ­āĻžāĻ—āĨ¤

41. Define acromegaly. Mention the causes of acromegaly.

Acromegaly: Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder when growth hormone (GH) is increased in the body. The pituitary gland produces growth hormone.

Causes of Acromegaly:

  • Pituitary tumors (Benign or noncancerous)
  • Pancreatic tumors
  • Liver tumor
  • Any brain tumor

[Pituitary tumors produce too much growth hormone. Tumors in the pancreas, liver, or parts of the brain cause acromegaly by producing higher levels of another hormone called IGF-1 (Insulin-like Growth Factor-1)

42.Percussion āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ thorax āĻāϰ āϰ⧋āĻ— āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āύ⧟ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰ

Thorax āĻ Percussion:

  • Normal sound = Normal Lungs
  • High sound = Pneumothorax
  • Stony dull sound = Pleural effusion or Haemothorax
  • Normal dull sound = Pulmonary collapse or Pulmonary fibrosis

43.Sputum āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϰ⧋āϗ⧇āϰ āϧāĻžāϰāύāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ

Sputum āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇ āϰ⧋āϗ⧇āϰ āϧāĻžāϰāύāĻž:

  • āϤāϰāϞ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĢ⧇āύāĻžāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ Sputum

Causes: Pulmonary edema, Alveolar cancer.

  • Mucoid āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āφāĻ āĻžāϞ⧋ Sputum

Cause: Asthma, Purulent bronchitis

  • āĻĻā§‚āĻ—āĻ¨ā§āϧ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āϏāĻŦ⧁āϜ āĻŦāĻž āĻšāϞ⧁āĻĻāĻžāĻ­ Sputum

Cause: Pulmonary Infection, Lung abscess, Bronchiectasis

44. Define splenomegaly. Mention the causes of splenomegaly

Splenomegaly: The size of the spleen is larger than its normal is called splenomegaly.

Causes of splenomegaly

  • Lymphoma (Cancer in the lymphatic system)
  • Leukemia (Blood Cancer)
  • Hemolytic anemia
  • Kala Ajar
  • Malaria
  • Rheumatoid arthritis

45. Mention the names and locations of the main lymphatic nodes.

Name and location of main lymphatic nodes:

Name of lymphatic nodes Location

  • Cervical lymphatic nodes Cervical Region (āĻ—ā§āϰ⧀āĻŦāĻž)
  • Axillary lymphatic nodes Axilla (āĻŦāĻ—āϞ āĻ…āĻžā§āϚāϞ)
  • Inguinal lymphatic nodes Inguinal region (āϕ⧁āĻ•āϚāĻŋ)
  • Popliteal lymphatic nodes Knee (āĻšāĻžāϟ⧁ āĻ…āĻžā§āϚāϞ)

46.āϕ⧋āύ āϕ⧋āύ āϰ⧋āϗ⧇ lymphatic node āϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻĢ⧁āϞ⧇ āωāϠ⧇?

  • Cancer
  • AIDS
  • Tuberculosis (TB)
  • Syphilis
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