Medical Diagnosis-1 Details
Medical Diagnosis. Mobile Phone 01797522136, 01987073965. Medical diagnosis is an important subject in medical science. It is essential for a medical doctor or medical practitioner.

The common topics of medical diagnosis are general examinations for diagnosis, inspection, palpation, auscultation, percussion, rhonchi, crackle, pulmonary local zero sound, clinical features of jaundice, clinical features of appendicitis, clinical features of dehydration, causes of hepatomegaly, Mc Burney’s point, common cause of wheeze, common cause of cough, cyanosis, Murphy’s sign, causes of pyuria, causes of proteinuria, causes of oliguria. Medical Diagnosis is important for Doctors, Primary Medical Practitioners, Nurses, Emergency Medical Officers, Emergency Medical Assistants, Medical Assistants, and Village Doctors. There are many courses for Primary Medical Practitioners, Emergency Medical Assistants, Medical Assistants, Paramedical Doctors, and Village Doctors Courses in HRTD Medical Institute. Medical Diagnosis is essential before the Practice of Medicine.
1. Mention the general examination in medical diagnosis.
General examination in medical diagnosis
- Anaemia (āϰāĻā§āϤ āϏā§āĻŦāϞā§āĻĒāϤāĻž)
- Blood pressure (āϰāĻā§āϤāĻāĻžāĻĒ)
- Body built (āĻĻā§āĻšā§āϰ āĻāĻ āύ)
- Cyanosis (āĻļāϰā§āϰ āύā§āϞ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖ āϧāĻžāϰāύ)
- Dehydration (āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āϏā§āĻŦāϞā§āĻĒāϤāĻž)
- Edema (āĻāĻŋāϏā§āϝā§āϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻāĻŽā§ āĻĢā§āϞ⧠āϝāĻžāĻā§āĻž)
- Jaundice (āĻšāϞā§āĻĻ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖ āϧāĻžāϰāύ āĻāϰāĻž)
- Lymph node
- Nutrition (āĻĒā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ)
- Pulse (āϰāĻā§āϤā§āϰ āĻĄā§āĻ)
- Respiration (āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϰ āĻāϤāĻŋ)
- Swelling (āĻĢā§āϞ⧠āϝāĻžāĻā§āĻž)
- Skin (āϤā§āĻŦāĻ)
- Temperature (āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻž)
2.Define inspection and palpation in Medical Diagnosis
Inspection: Doctor āϤāĻžāϰ āĻā§āĻ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āϰā§āĻā§āϰ āϝ⧠āĻ āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻĻā§āĻā§āύ āϤāĻžāĻā§ inspection āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤
Palpation: Doctor āϤāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻžāϤ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āϰā§āĻā§āϰ āϝ⧠āĻ āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻĻā§āĻā§āύ āϤāĻžāĻā§ Palpation āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤
3.Define auscultation and percussion in Medical Diagnosis.
Auscultation: Stethoscope āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϰā§āĻ āύāĻŋāϰā§āύā§ā§āϰ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāĻā§ auscultation āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤
Percussion: Body āϤ⧠(āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ āĻāϰ⧠chest āĻāĻŦāĻ abdomen) āĻšāĻžāϤ āϰā§āĻā§ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻāĻā§āĻā§āϞ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻā§āĻāĻž āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āϰā§āĻ āύāĻŋāϰā§āύā§ā§āϰ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāĻā§ Percussion āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤
4.Mention the basic idea about auscultation in Medical Diagnosis
Basic idea about auscultation in medical diagnosis
Stethoscope āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž heart sound, respiration sound āĻāĻŦāĻ bowel sound āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻļā§āύ⧠āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āϧāĻžāϰāύāĻž āύāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻĢāϰ⧠āĻ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻļā§āύāĻž āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻ āϤāĻž āĻĻā§āϰā§āϤ āύāĻŋāϰā§āύ⧠āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϰā§āĻ āύāĻŋāϰā§āύ⧠āϏāĻšāĻ āĻšā§āĨ¤
5.Mention the area of auscultation in Medical Diagnosis
Area of auscultation
- āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧠clavicle āĻĨā§āĻā§ 6th rib
- āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻļā§āĻŦā§ axilla āĻĨā§āĻā§ 8th rib
- āĻĒāĻŋāĻāύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻāϧ āĻĨā§āĻā§ 11th rib
- āύāĻžāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻĒāĻžāĻļā§ intestine āĻāϰ āύā§āĻžāĻā§āĻž āĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻāϞāĻžāĻāϞāĨ¤
6. Define Rhonchi, and mention the disease that creates rhonchi.
Rhonchi: Respiratory system āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϏā§āώā§āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻļāĻŋāϰ āύā§āϝāĻžā§ āϏā§āϰā§āϞāĻž āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻā§ Rhonchi āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤
Disease that create rhonchi: Asthma and COPD āϰā§āĻā§ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻāĻžā§āĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§ rhonchi āĻļā§āύāĻž āϝāĻžā§āĨ¤ āĻ āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻāĻžāύā§āĻ rhonchi āĻļā§āύāĻž āϝāĻžā§āĨ¤
7. Define crackles, Mention the disease that create crackles
Crackles (āĻā§ āĻā§ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): crackles āĻšāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āϝāĻž āĻŦā§āϏā§āϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĨā§āĻŽā§ āĻĨā§āĻŽā§ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Disease that create Crackle: Pneumonia, TB āĻāĻŦāĻ Bronchitis āϰā§āĻā§ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻļā§āύāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
8. Define pulmonary local zero sound in Medical Diagnosis.
Pulmonary local zero sound: Lungs āĻāϰ āĻā§āύ āĻ āĻā§āĻāϞ⧠(local area) āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϰ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻļā§āύāĻž āύāĻž āĻā§āϞ⧠āϤāĻžāĻā§ pulmonary local zero sound āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤ Pleural effusion, Pneumothorax and Hemothorax āϰā§āĻā§ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϰ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻļā§āύāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āĻ āĻā§āĻāϞ⧠āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϰ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻļā§āύāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
9. Define bowel sounds.
Bowel sound:
Intestine āĻāϰ āύāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰā§āϰ sound āĻā§ bowel sound āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤ āύāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻļā§āĻŦā§ auscultation āĻāϰ⧠bowel sound āĻļā§āύāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ Acute abdomen āĻ bowel sound āĻļā§āύāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤
10. Mention the clinical features of jaundice.
Clinical featuers of jaundice
- sclera, āĻāĻŋāĻšā§āĻŦāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ āĻšāĻžāϤā§āϰ āϤāĻžāϞā§āϤ⧠āĻšāϞā§āĻĻ āĻŦāϰā§āύ āϧāĻžāϰāύ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
- āĻĒā§āϰāϏā§āϰāĻžāĻŦ āĻšāϞā§āĻĻ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
- Bilirubin āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻž āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧ (āϰāĻā§āϤā§)āĨ¤
11. Define rovsing sign with example.
Rovsing sign: Left ileac āĻ āĻā§āĻāϞ⧠āĻāĻžāĻĒ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ right ileac āĻ āĻā§āĻāϞ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĨāĻž āĻ āύā§āĻāĻŦ āĻāϰāĻžāĻā§ Rovsing sign āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤ Appendicitis āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠rovsing sign positive āĻšāĻŦā§
12.Mention the clinical features of appendicitis
Clinical features of appendicitis
- Right ileac āĻ āĻā§āĻāϞ⧠McBurney’s point āĻ āĻāĻžāĻĒ āĻĻāĻŋāϞ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĨāĻž āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- Left ileac āĻ āĻā§āĻāϞ⧠āĻāĻžāĻĒ āĻĻāĻŋāϞ⧠right ileac āĻ āĻā§āĻāϞ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĨāĻž āĻāϰāĻŦā§
- Right ileac āĻ āĻā§āĻāϞ⧠āĻāĻžāĻĒ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻšāĻ āĻžā§ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻĻāĻŋāϞ⧠āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĨāĻž āĻ āύā§āĻāĻŦ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
13. Mention the clinical features of dehydration
Clinical features of dehydration
- āĻāĻŋāĻšāĻŦāĻž āĻļā§āώā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
- āĻā§āĻ āĻŦāϏ⧠āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
- āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻžāϰ āϤāĻžāϞ⧠āĻŦāϏ⧠āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
- Skin āĻāϰ elasticity āĻāĻŽā§ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ (skin āĻŽā§āĻā§ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻāĻ test āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
14. Mention the edema test.
āĻāĻā§āĻā§āϞ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāĻžāĻĒ āĻĻāĻŋāϞ⧠āĻŦāϏ⧠āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻĻāĻŋāϞ⧠āϏāĻšāĻā§ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻĢāĻŋāϰ⧠āĻāϏ⧠āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ tissue āĻāϰ elasticity āĻāĻŽā§ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžā§ā§ āĻā§ā§āĻžāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻāĻā§āĻā§āϞ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻžāĻĒ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻ test āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
15. Define coastal margin. Draw a figure and indicate the coastal margin.
Thorax āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤāĻā§ coastal margin āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤ Coastal margin āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĨ¤
- Right coastal margin
- Left coastal margin
16. Define hepatomegaly. Draw a figure and describe hepatomegaly in short.
Liver āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻā§ā§ā§ āĻŦā§ āĻšāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāĻā§ hepatomegaly āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤
Description: āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžā§ liver āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ Right coastal margin āĻĨā§āĻā§ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāύā§āϝ āύāĻŋāĻā§āĨ¤
āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āĻ āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžā§ liver āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤ
- āĻ āϞā§āĻĒ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϤ⧠āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāύā§āϝ āύāĻŋāĻā§ āύā§āĻŽā§ āϝāĻžā§
- āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϤ⧠coastal margin āĻāĻŦāĻ āύāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻāϞ⧠āϝāĻžā§
- āĻ āϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϤ⧠āύāĻžāĻā§ āĻĒāϝāύā§āϤ āĻāĻŽāύāĻāĻŋ āύāĻžāĻā§ āĻĒāĻžāϰ āĻšā§ā§ āϝāĻžā§
17. Mention the names of diseases that cause hepatomegaly
Names of diseases that cause hepatomegaly
- Liver cancer
- Kala Azar
- Lymphoma
- Leukemia
- Sarcoidosis
- Right heart failure
18. Define Mc Burney’s point. Mention the clinical importance of Mc Burney’s point.
Mc Burney’s point: Iliac crest and umbilica āĻāϰ āĻĻā§āϰāϤā§āĻŦāĻā§ āϏāĻŽāĻžāύ āϤāĻŋāύāĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰ⧠iliac crest āĻĨā§āĻā§ 1/3 and umbilica āĻĨā§āĻā§ 2/3 āĻĻā§āϰāϤā§āĻŦā§ āϝ⧠point āĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻž āϝāĻžā§ āϤāĻžāĻā§ Mc Burney’s point āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤
Clinical importance of Mc Burney’ point: Appendicitis āĻšāϞ⧠Mc Burney’s point āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĨāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ Mc Burney’s point āĻ āĻāĻžāĻĒ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§āĻ Appendicitis āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĨāĻž āύāĻŋāϰā§āύ⧠āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
19.Define Wheeze and cough
Wheeze(āĻšāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ): Upper respiratory tract āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻā§āύ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§āĻā§ āύāĻžāĻ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻŦā§āϰ āĻāϰ⧠āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻžāϰ biological mechanism āĻā§ Wheeze āĻŦāĻž āĻšāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤
Cough (āĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋ): Lower respiratory tract āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻā§āύ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§āĻā§ āĻŽā§āĻ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻŦā§āϰ āĻāϰ⧠āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻžāϰ biological mechanism āĻā§ cough āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤
20. Mention the common cause of wheeze.
- Rhinitis
- pharyngitis
- Sinusitis
- Nasal polyp
- Foreign body in the URT
- Anaphylaxis (Severe allergic reaction)
- Post nasal drip
21. Mention the common cause of cough.
- Asthma
- Chronic bronchitis
- COPD
- Pneumonia
- LRTI (Lower Respiratory tract infection)
- Foreign body in the LRT
22. Define cyanosis. Mention the common causes of cyanosis.
Cyanosis: Poor blood circulation āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻĒāϝāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ oxygenation āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāύ⧠skin āĻāϰ āύā§āϞ āĻŦāϰā§āύ āϧāĻžāϰāύ āĻāϰāĻžāĻā§ cyanosis āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤
Common causes of cyanosis
- Reduced cardiac output (e. g. heart failure, hypovolemia)
- COPD
- Arterial obstruction (e. g. PVD, Raynaud phenomenon)
- All common causes of central cyanosis.
23. Murphy’s sign āĻāĻŋ? Murphy’s sign āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ gall bladder Inflammation āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŖāϝāĻŧ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ?
Murphy’s sign: Murphy’s sign is an indicate of gall bladder inflammation in medical diagnosis.
Murphy’s sign āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ gall bladder inflammation ⤍ā¤ŋāϰā§āύ⧠āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāĻ
- āϰā§āĻā§āĻā§ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āύāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
- Right Mid-clavicular line āĻŦāϰāĻžāĻŦāϰ gall bladder Inflammation āĻāϰ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧠āĻāĻā§āĻā§āϞ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāĻžāĻĒ āĻĻā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
- gall bladder āĻ Inflammation āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āϤāĻž āĻāĻā§āĻā§āϞā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āϞāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āϤā§āĻā§āώā§āĻŖ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĨāĻž āĻ āύā§āĻāĻŦ āĻāϰāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϰā§āĻā§ āĻšāĻ āĻžā§ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻŦāύā§āϧ āĻāϰ⧠āĻĢā§āϞāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ Murphy’s sign positive.
24. Define glycosuria. Mention the causes of glycosuria.
Glycosuria: Urine āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ glucose āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāĻā§ glycosuria āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤
Causes of glycosuria:
- Diabetes mellitus
- Pregnancy
- Hyper pituitaries
- Hyper adrenals
- Increased intracranial pressure
- Mental anxiety
- Chronic liver failure
- General anaesthesia
25. Define haematuria. Mention the causes of haematuria.
Haematuria in medical diagnosis: Urine āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ blood āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāĻā§ haematuria āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤
Causes of haematuria:
- Urinary tract problems
- injury
- Infection
- Urinary TB
- Stone
- Malignancy
- Systemic disease
- Coagulation disorder
- Malignant hypertention
- Drugs
- Anticoagulant therapy
26. Define pyuria. Mention the causes of pyuria.
Pyuria: Urine āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āĻĒā§āĻ āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāĻā§ pyuria āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤
Causes of pyuria:
- Renal TB
- Stone
- Renal abscess
- Gonorrhea
- Urethritis
- Cystitis
- Pyelitis
27. Define proteinuria. Mention the causes of proteinuria.
Proteinuria in medical diagnosis: The presence of protein in urine is called proteinuria. This protein is mainly albumin. So this is also called albuminuria.
Causes of proteinuria:
- Physical cause
- Pathological cause
- Pre Renal Cause
- Post Renal Cause
28. Mention the physiological causes of proteinuria.
Physiological causes of proteinuria in medical diagnosis:
- Orthostatic of posture
- High protein intake
- Exercise
- Exposure to cold
- Mental strain
29. Mention the renal causes of renal causes of proteinuria
Renal causes of proteinuria in medical diagnosis
- AGN
- Nephritic syndrome
- Pyelonephritis
- Renal TB
- Neoplasm
- Renal amyloidosis
30. Mention the post-renal causes of proteinuria.
Post-renal causes of proteinuria in medical diagnosis
- Prostatitis
- Urethritis
- Cystitis
- Calculi
31. Mention the pre-renal causes of proteinuria
Pre-renal causes of proteinuria in medical diagnosis
- DM (Diabetic Mellitus)
- CCF (Congestive cardiac failure)
- Hypertension
- Hyperthyroidism
- Toxemia of pregnancy
- Liver cirrhosis
- Fever
32. Define Oliguria. Mention the causes of oliguria.
Oliguria in medical diagnosis: Urine output is less than 400 ml in 24 hours is called oliguria.
Causes of oliguria
- Physiological causes of oliguria
- Decreases in fluid intake
- Excess sweating
- Pathological causes of oliguria
- loss of fluid (Hemorrhage, Vomiting, Diarrhea)
- AGN
- CCF (Congestive cardiac failure)
- Shock
- Urinary tract obstruction
- Transfusion reaction
33. Define polyuria. Mention the causes of polyuria.
Polyuria: āĻāύ āĻāύ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϰ āϤā§āϝāĻžāĻ āĻāϰāϞ⧠āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž ⧍ā§Ē āĻāύā§āĻāĻžā§ āĻā§āĻžāĻ āϞāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϰ āϤā§āϝāĻžāĻ āĻāϰāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāĻā§ polyuria āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤
Causes of polyuria:
- General cause
- Urinary disorder (UTI, Chronic Renal Failure)
- Hormonal disorder
- Circulatory disorders (CCF / CHF)
- Neurological disorder (Brain damage)
- Others (Pregnancy, high altitude)
34. Mention the general causes of polyuria.
General causes of polyuria
- Increase fluid intake
- Drugs (Diuretic, Prednisolone)
- Foods (Juice, Soft drinks, Tea, Coffee)
- Psychological
35. Mention the hormonal causes of polyuria.
Hormonal causes of polyuria
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Diabetes Insipidus
- Cushing’s syndrome
- Addison’s disease
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Hyperthyroidism
- Acromegaly
36. Mention the clinical features of UTI.
Clinical features of UTI
- Urinary frequency but all amount of urine output
- Burning urination and dysuria
- Urinary incontinence
- Foul-smelling urine
- Cloudy urine or haematuria
- Pyrexia with or without rigor
- Supra pubic pain
- Nausea or vomiting
37. Define Nephritic Syndrome (NS) or Nephrosis.
Nephritic Syndrome (NS) or Nephrosis:
Nephritic syndrome āĻŦāĻž Nephrosis āĻšāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ āϧāϰāϞā§āϰ kidney disease āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻšāĻā§āĻā§ –
- Oedema
- Loss of plasma protein through urine due to increased glomerular permeability.
38. Mention the causes of nephrotic syndrome.
Cause of nephritic syndrome
- Idiopathic (āĻ āĻāĻžāύāĻž)
- Infection
- Hepatitis B end Hepatitis C
- HIV, Syphilis
- Malaria, Filaria
- Toxoplasma
- Drugs (NSAID)
- Malignancy: Leukemia, Lymphoma.
- Toxin: Bee stings, Snake poison
- System illness:
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Poly arthritis nodosa
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
39. Mention the clinical features of nephrotic syndrome.
Clinical features of nephritic syndrome:
- Local edema (face, leg, etc.)
- Frothiness of urine (āĻĢā§āύāĻžāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϰ)
- Fatigue, Lethargy, Weakness (āĻ āĻŦāϏāĻžāĻĻ, āϤāύā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻžāϞā§āϤāĻž, āĻĻā§āϰā§āύāϤāĻž)
- Poor appetite
- Episodic (āĻāύ āĻāύ) abdominal pain
- Features of complication (Pleural effusion, ascites )
40. Mention the sites for observing cyanosis.
Sites for observe cyanosis:
- Central cyanonis:
- Tip of the tongue (āĻāĻŋāĻšāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ āĻā§āϰāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ)
- Peripheral cyanosis:
- Ala Nasi (āύāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻāύāĻž)
- Ear Lobule (āĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āϞāϤāĻŋ)
- Finger tips and toe tips
- āĻ ā§āĻāĻ āĻ āĻāĻžāϞā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āϝāύā§āϤāϰāĻŋāύ āĻāĻžāĻāĨ¤
41. Define acromegaly. Mention the causes of acromegaly.
Acromegaly: Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder when growth hormone (GH) is increased in the body. The pituitary gland produces growth hormone.
Causes of Acromegaly:
- Pituitary tumors (Benign or noncancerous)
- Pancreatic tumors
- Liver tumor
- Any brain tumor
[Pituitary tumors produce too much growth hormone. Tumors in the pancreas, liver, or parts of the brain cause acromegaly by producing higher levels of another hormone called IGF-1 (Insulin-like Growth Factor-1)
42.Percussion āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ thorax āĻāϰ āϰā§āĻ āύāĻŋāϰā§āύ⧠āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻāϰ
Thorax āĻ Percussion:
- Normal sound = Normal Lungs
- High sound = Pneumothorax
- Stony dull sound = Pleural effusion or Haemothorax
- Normal dull sound = Pulmonary collapse or Pulmonary fibrosis
43.Sputum āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āϰā§āĻā§āϰ āϧāĻžāϰāύāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻž āϝāĻžā§
Sputum āĻĻā§āĻā§ āϰā§āĻā§āϰ āϧāĻžāϰāύāĻž:
- āϤāϰāϞ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āύā§āϝāĻžā§ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāύā§āϝ āĻĢā§āύāĻžāϝā§āĻā§āϤ Sputum
Causes: Pulmonary edema, Alveolar cancer.
- Mucoid āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻāĻ āĻžāϞ⧠Sputum
Cause: Asthma, Purulent bronchitis
- āĻĻā§āĻāύā§āϧ āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āϏāĻŦā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻšāϞā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ Sputum
Cause: Pulmonary Infection, Lung abscess, Bronchiectasis
44. Define splenomegaly. Mention the causes of splenomegaly
Splenomegaly: The size of the spleen is larger than its normal is called splenomegaly.
Causes of splenomegaly
- Lymphoma (Cancer in the lymphatic system)
- Leukemia (Blood Cancer)
- Hemolytic anemia
- Kala Ajar
- Malaria
- Rheumatoid arthritis
45. Mention the names and locations of the main lymphatic nodes.
Name and location of main lymphatic nodes:
Name of lymphatic nodes Location
- Cervical lymphatic nodes Cervical Region (āĻā§āϰā§āĻŦāĻž)
- Axillary lymphatic nodes Axilla (āĻŦāĻāϞ āĻ āĻā§āĻāϞ)
- Inguinal lymphatic nodes Inguinal region (āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ)
- Popliteal lymphatic nodes Knee (āĻšāĻžāĻā§ āĻ āĻā§āĻāϞ)
46.āĻā§āύ āĻā§āύ āϰā§āĻā§ lymphatic node āĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻĢā§āϞ⧠āĻāĻ ā§?
- Cancer
- AIDS
- Tuberculosis (TB)
- Syphilis
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