Orthopedic Course/PDT Orthopedics

October 7, 2024 Orthopedic Medicine, Orthopedic Course, Orthopedic Disease Leave a comment 8 Views

Table of Contents

Orthopedic Course Details

Orthopedic Course. Mobile Phone 01797522136, 01987073965. Orthopedic Course 6 Months, Orthopedic Course 1 Year, and Orthopedic Course 2 Years. 6 Years Course Contains 4 Subjects, 1 Year Course contains 8 Subjects, and 2 Years Course 14 Subjects. All these Orthopedic Courses are available at HRTD Medical Institute. HRTD Medical Institute is an Organization of HRTD Limited.

Orthopedic Course Fee/ PDT Orthopedics

6 Months Course Fee Tk 35500/-

1 Year Course Fee Tk 70500/-

2 Years Course Fee Tk 130500/-

Location for Orthopedic Course

Location for Orthopedic Course. Mobile Phone Number 01797522136, 01987073965. HRTD Medical Institute, Section-6, Block-Kha, Road-1, Plot-11, Metro Rail Piller Number 249, Mirpur-10 Golchattar, Dhaka-1216.

Location of Orthopedic Courses in Dhaka Bangladesh — oplus_1024

Orthopedic Center Starting & Establishment

After completing the PDT Orthopedic Course you can start a Orthopedic Center in any location in Bangladesh. You need to obtain The Registration and The License from the Respective Authority of the Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. We only help our students obtain registration and licenses for the Starting & Establishment of Orthopedic Center.

পিডিটি অর্থোপেডিক কোর্স শেষ করার পর আপনি বাংলাদেশের যেকোনো স্থানে একটি অর্থোপেডিক সেন্টার চালু করতে পারেন। আপনাকে গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ সরকারের সংশ্লিষ্ট কর্তৃপক্ষের কাছ থেকে নিবন্ধন এবং লাইসেন্স পেতে হবে। আমরা শুধুমাত্র আমাদের ছাত্রদের অর্থোপেডিক সেন্টার চালু ও প্রতিষ্ঠার জন্য নিবন্ধন এবং লাইসেন্স পেতে সাহায্য করি।

Objectives of the Orthopedic Course

একজন অর্থোপেডিক ডাক্তারের পক্ষে একটি অর্থোপেডিক সেন্টার বা অর্থোপেডিক ক্লিনিক ম্যানেজ করা সম্ভব হয় না বা ম্যানেজ করা উচিৎ না । কারন সেখানে থাকে অনেক মেশিনারী এবং অনেক কাজ । যেমন মেশিনারী ম্যানেজমেন্ট, মার্কেটিং ম্যানেজমেন্ট, একাউন্টস ম্যানেজমেন্ট, ফিনেনশিয়াল ম্যানেজমেন্ট, রোগীদের ডেটা ম্যানেজমেন্ট, রোগীদের কাউন্সিলিং ইত্যাদি ।

পিডিটি অর্থোপেডিক কোর্স করার পর একজন ছাত্র/ছাত্রী জ্ঞান এবং দক্ষতা অর্জন করতে পারবেঃ

(১) অর্থোপেডিক সম্পর্কিত অনেক জ্ঞান ও দক্ষতা অর্জন করতে পারবে ।

(২) বিভিন্ন অর্থোপেডিক সরঞ্জাম এবং আনুষাঙ্গিক পরিচালনা এবং রক্ষণাবেক্ষণের জ্ঞান ও দক্ষতা অর্জন করতে পারবে ।

(৩) অর্থোপেডিক সম্পর্কিত প্রয়োজনীয় ডকুমেন্টেশন বজায় রাখার জ্ঞান ও দক্ষতা অর্জন করতে পারবে ।

(৪) অর্থোপেডিক যন্ত্রগুলি পরিচালনার বিপদ এবং তাদের প্রতিরক্ষামূলক জ্ঞান ও দক্ষতা অর্জন করতে পারবে ।

(৫) অর্থোপেডিক কার্যক্রম তদারকি জ্ঞান ও দক্ষতা অর্জন করতে পারবে ।

(৬) অর্থোপেডিক কার্যক্রমের ভবিষ্যত উন্নয়ন ও পরিকল্পনায় অবদান রাখাতে পারবে।

Payment System for Orthopedic Course

Admission Fee

Monthly Fee

Exam Fee

Subjects for Orthopedics Course

Orthopedic Anatomy & Physiology

Orthopedic Drugs & Pharmacology

Orthopedic Cytology & Histology

Orthopedic Disease & Treatment-1

Orthopedic Neurology

Orthopedic Cardiology

Orthopedic Biochemistry & Pathology

Orthopedic Disease & Treatment-2

Orthopedic Nursing & Management

Radiology & Orthopedic Diagnosis

Arthritis, Treatment & Management

Orthopedic Infectious Disease

Orthopedic Drugs & Pharmacology for Orthopedic Course

Pain killer Drugs for Orthopedic Course

The drugs that are used for deducing pain are called Pain Killer Drugs. There are several types of painkiller drugs. They are NSAID Pain Killer, Steroid Pain Killer, and Analgesic Pain Killer. Steroid Painkillers and Analgesic Painkillers are dangerous. So Steroid Painkillers and Analgesic Painkillers should not be used Orally and Parentally without the Prescription of Registered Medical Practitioners ( MBBS, BDS, FCPS, MS). NSAID painkillers are comparatively safe but harmful to the kidneys.

NSAID Painkiller Drugs for Orthopedic Course

NSAID stands for Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs. These drugs are painkillers and work at the site of pain directly. NSAID Painkiller Drugs are:

Diclofenac, Aceclofenac,Naproxen, Etoricoxib, Ibuprofen, Ketoprofen, Ketorolac, Tolfenamic Acid, Meloxicam,

Steroid Pain Killer Drugs for Orthopedic Course/Corticosteroids

Steroids are anti-inflammatory medicines used to treat a range of conditions. The main types of steroid painkiller drugs are- Betamethasone, Prednisolone, Beclometasone, Fluticasone, Triamcinolone, Hydrocortisone, and Triamcinolone.

Paracetamol Used as Painkiller Orthopedic Drugs

If NSAIDs are unsuitable for you or if you need extra pain relief, an alternative painkiller, such as paracetamol, may be recommended.

Paracetamol rarely causes side effects and can be used in women who are pregnant or breastfeeding. However, paracetamol may not be suitable for people with liver problems or those dependent on alcohol.

Orthopedic Disease & Treatment-1 for Orthopedic Course

Low Back Pain in Orthopedic Disease

Pain in the lower part of the back is called low back pain.

Causes of Low back pain in Orthopedic Course

Sprains and Strains

A sprain is a common orthopedic disease. A sprain is a soft tissue injury of the ligaments within a joint, often caused by a sudden movement abruptly forcing the joint to exceed its functional range of motion

Spinal stenosis

Spinal stenosis is an abnormal narrowing of the spinal canal or neural foramen that results in pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots. Symptoms may include pain, numbness, or weakness in the arms or legs. Symptoms are typically gradual in onset and improve with leaning forward

Osteoporosis

The most common orthopedic disease in elderly persons. Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mass, micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to more porous bone, and a consequent increase in fracture risk. It is the most common reason for a broken bone among the elderly.

Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is an orthopedic disease. Osteoarthritis is a type of degenerative joint disease that results from the breakdown of joint cartilage and underlying bone. It is believed to be the fourth leading cause of disability in the world, affecting 1 in 7 adults in the United States alone. The most common symptoms are joint pain and stiffness.

Spinal stenosis

Osteoarthritis

Herniated disk

A herniated, or bulging, disc is a disc that has “spilled out” of its lining. This happens most frequently in the lower back.

Scoliosis

Scoliosis is a condition in which a person’s spine has an irregular curve. The curve is usually S-shaped when viewed from the side.

Osteoporosis in Orthopedic Course

Causes of Osteoporosis in Orthopedic Course

Osteoporosis is a common orthopedic disease. Osteoporosis occurs when too much bone mass is lost and changes occur in the structure of bone tissue.

Bone is a living tissue that is constantly being broken down and replaced. Osteoporosis occurs when the creation of new bone doesn’t keep up with the loss of old bone.

Certain risk factors may lead to the development of osteoporosis.

Sex. Women have a greater risk for osteoporosis than men.

Age. As you age, bone loss happens more quickly, and new bone growth is slower.

Body size. Slender, thin-boned women and men are at greater risk of developing osteoporosis.

Skin Condition. White skin is at the highest risk.

Family history. The risk for osteoporosis and fractures may increase if one of your parents has a history of osteoporosis.

Changes to hormones. Low levels of certain hormones can increase osteoporosis. For example:

Low levels of estrogen in women ( during menopause).

Low levels of testosterone in men.

Diet. A diet low in calcium and vitamin D can increase your risk for osteoporosis and fractures.
Excessive dieting or poor protein intake may increase the risk for bone loss and osteoporosis.

Other medical conditions. Endocrine and hormonal diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, certain types of cancer, HIV/AIDS, and anorexia nervosa.

Medications. Long-term use of certain medications:
Glucocorticoids and adrenocorticotropic hormone.
Antiepileptic medicines.
Cancer medications.
Proton pump inhibitors.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
Thiazolidinediones, which treat type II diabetes.

Lifestyle.Low levels of physical activity.

Chronic heavy drinking of alcohol is a significant risk factor for osteoporosis.

Clinical Features of Osteoporosis in Orthopedic Course

There typically are no symptoms in the early stages of bone loss. But once your bones have been weakened by osteoporosis, you might have signs and symptoms that include:

Back pain is caused by a broken or collapsed bone in the spine.
Loss of height over time.
A stooped posture.
A bone that breaks much more easily than expected. When to see a doctor

You might want to talk to your healthcare provider about osteoporosis if you went through early menopause or took corticosteroids for several months at a time, or if either of your parents had hip fractures.

The risk factors of Osteoporosis is Orthopedic Course

Many factors can increase the likelihood that you’ll develop osteoporosis — including your age, race, lifestyle choices, and medical conditions and treatments.

Unchangeable risks

Some risk factors for osteoporosis are out of your control, including:

Your sex. Women are much more likely to develop osteoporosis than are men.
Age. The older you get, the greater your risk of osteoporosis.
Race. You’re at greatest risk of osteoporosis if you’re white or of Asian descent.
Family history. Having a parent or sibling with osteoporosis puts you at greater risk, especially if your mother or father fractured a hip.
Body frame size. Men and women who have small body frames tend to have a higher risk because they might have less bone mass to draw from as they age.

Hormone levels

Osteoporosis is more common in people who have too much or too little of certain hormones in their bodies. Examples include:

Sex hormones. Lowered sex hormone levels tend to weaken bones. The fall in estrogen levels in women at menopause is one of the strongest risk factors for developing osteoporosis. Treatments for prostate cancer that reduce testosterone

levels in men and treatments for breast cancer that reduce estrogen levels in women are likely to accelerate bone loss.

Thyroid problems. Too much thyroid hormone can cause bone loss. This can occur if your thyroid is overactive or if you take too much thyroid hormone medicine to treat an underactive thyroid.
Other glands. Osteoporosis has also been associated with overactive parathyroid and adrenal glands. Dietary factors

Osteoporosis is more likely to occur in people who have:

Low calcium intake. A lifelong lack of calcium plays a role in the development of osteoporosis. Low calcium intake contributes to diminished bone density, early bone loss, and an increased risk of fractures.
Eating disorders. Severely restricting food intake and being underweight weaken bone in both men and women.
Gastrointestinal surgery. Surgery to reduce the size of your stomach or to remove part of the intestine limits the amount of surface area available to absorb nutrients, including calcium. These surgeries include those to help you lose weight and other gastrointestinal disorders.

Steroids and other medicines

Long-term use of oral or injected corticosteroid medicines, such as prednisone and cortisone, interferes with the bone-rebuilding process. Osteoporosis has also been associated with medications used to combat or prevent:

Seizures.
Gastric reflux.
Cancer.
Transplant rejection.

Medical problems

The risk of osteoporosis is higher in people who have certain medical problems, including:

Celiac disease.
Inflammatory bowel disease.
Kidney or liver disease.
Cancer.
Multiple myeloma.
Rheumatoid arthritis. Lifestyle choices

Some bad habits can increase your risk of osteoporosis. Examples include:

Sedentary lifestyle. People who spend a lot of time sitting have a higher risk of osteoporosis than those who are more active. Any weight-bearing exercise and activities that promote balance and good posture are good for your bones, but walking, running, jumping, dancing, and weightlifting seem particularly helpful.
Excessive alcohol consumption. Regular consumption of more than two alcoholic drinks a day increases the risk of osteoporosis.
Tobacco use. The exact role tobacco plays in osteoporosis isn’t clear, but it has been shown that tobacco use contributes to weak bones.

Complications of Osteoporosis in Orthopedic Course

Compression fractures

Bone breaks, particularly in the spine or hip, are the most serious complications of osteoporosis. Hip fractures often are caused by a fall and can result in disability and even an increased risk of death within the first year after the injury.

In some cases, broken bones in the spine can occur even if you haven’t fallen. The bones that make up your spine, called vertebrae, can weaken to the point of collapsing, which can result in back pain, lost height, and a hunched-forward posture.

Prevention of Osteoporosis in Orthopedic Course

Good nutrition and regular exercise are essential for keeping your bones healthy throughout your life.

Calcium

Men and women between the ages of 18 and 50 need 1,000 milligrams of calcium a day. This daily amount increases to 1,200 milligrams when women turn 50 and men turn 70.

Good sources of calcium include:

Low-fat dairy products.
Dark green leafy vegetables.
Canned salmon or sardines with bones.
Soy products, such as tofu.
Calcium-fortified cereals and orange juice.

If you find it difficult to get enough calcium from your diet, consider taking calcium supplements. However, too much calcium has been linked to kidney stones. Although yet unclear, some experts suggest that too much calcium, especially in supplements, can increase the risk of heart disease.

The Health and Medicine Division of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine recommends that total calcium intake, from supplements and diet combined, should be no more than 2,000 milligrams daily for people older than 50.

Vitamin D

Vitamin D improves the body’s ability to absorb calcium and improves bone health in other ways. People can get some of their vitamin D from sunlight, but this might not be a good source if you live in a high latitude if you’re housebound, or if you regularly use sunscreen or avoid the sun because of the risk of skin cancer.

Dietary sources of vitamin D include cod liver oil, trout, and salmon. Many types of milk and cereal have been fortified with vitamin D.

Most people need at least 600 international units (IU) of vitamin D a day. That recommendation increases to 800 IU a day after age 70.

People without other sources of vitamin D and especially with limited sun exposure might need a supplement. Most multivitamin products contain between 600 and 800 IU of vitamin D. Up to 4,000 IU of vitamin D a day is safe for most people.

Exercise

Exercise can help you build strong bones and slow bone loss. Exercise will benefit your bones no matter when you start, but you’ll gain the most benefits if you start exercising regularly when you’re young and continue to exercise throughout your life.

Combine strength training exercises with weight-bearing and balance exercises. Strength training helps strengthen muscles and bones in your arms and upper spine. Weight-bearing exercises — such as walking, jogging, running, stair climbing, skipping rope, skiing, and impact-producing sports — affect mainly the bones in your legs, hips, and lower spine. Balance exercises such as tai chi can reduce your risk of falling especially as you get older.

Diagnosis of Osteoporosis in Orthopedic Course

Your bone density can be measured by a machine that uses low levels of X-rays to determine the proportion of minerals in your bones. During this painless test, you lie on a padded table as a scanner passes over your body. In most cases, only certain bones are checked — usually in the hip and spine.

Treatment (Example) of Osteoporosis in Orthopedic Course

Treatment recommendations are often based on an estimate of your risk of breaking a bone in the next 10 years using information such as the bone density test. If your risk isn’t high, treatment might not include medication and might focus instead on modifying risk factors for bone loss and falls.

Bisphosphonates

For both men and women at increased risk of broken bones, the most widely prescribed osteoporosis medications are bisphosphonates. Examples include:

Alendronate
Risedronate
Ibandronate.
Zoledronic acid

Side effects include nausea, abdominal pain, and heartburn-like symptoms. These are less likely to occur if the medicine is taken properly. Intravenous forms of bisphosphonates don’t cause stomach upset but can cause fever, headache, and muscle aches.

A very rare complication of bisphosphonates is a break or crack in the middle of the thighbone. A second rare complication is delayed healing of the jawbone, called osteonecrosis of the jaw. This can occur after an invasive dental procedure, such as removing a tooth.

Denosumab

Compared with bisphosphonates, denosumab (Prolia, Xgeva) produces similar or better bone density results and reduces the chance of all types of breaks. Denosumab is delivered via a shot under the skin every six months.

Similar to bisphosphonates, denosumab has the same rare complication of causing breaks or cracks in the middle of the thighbone and osteonecrosis of the jaw. If you take denosumab, you might need to continue to do so indefinitely. Recent research indicates there could be a high risk of spinal column fractures after stopping the drug.

Bone-building Medicines for Orthopedic Course

If you have severe osteoporosis or if the more common treatments for osteoporosis don’t work well enough, your doctor might suggest trying:

Teriparatide (Bonsity, Forteo). This powerful drug is similar to parathyroid hormone and stimulates new bone growth. It’s given by daily injection under the skin for up to two years.
Abaloparatide (Tymlos) is another drug similar to parathyroid hormone. This drug can be taken for only two years.
Romosozumab (Evenity). This is the newest bone-building medicine to treat osteoporosis. It is given as an injection every month at your doctor’s office and is limited to one year of treatment.

After you stop taking any of these bone-building medications, you generally will need to take another osteoporosis drug to maintain the

Gout in Orthopedic Course

A gout is a painful form of arthritis. When your body has extra uric acid, sharp crystals can form in your joints (usually your big toe). Flare-ups of symptoms like pain and swelling come and go in periods called gout attacks. Treatment is usually a combination of symptom management and changing your diet.

What are gout symptoms?

Gout attacks are very painful and can happen suddenly, often overnight. During a gout attack, symptoms in your affected joints may include:

Intense pain.
Discoloration or redness.
Stiffness.
Swelling.,
Tenderness, even to a light touch (like a bedsheet covering your affected joint).
Warmth, or a feeling like the joint is “on fire.”

How long does a gout attack last?

Gout attacks usually last a week or two. You might have some flares that last longer than others, and some might cause more severe symptoms. Between attacks, you might not experience any gout symptoms.

Frozen Shoulder in Orthopedic Course

Frozen shoulder or adhesive capsulitis is a shoulder condition causing a limited range of motion. This condition occurs when the tissues in the shoulder joint become thicker and tighter. The common signs and symptoms of frozen shoulder may include stiffness and pain in the shoulder joints which usually get worsened within one to three years. Treatment for the frozen shoulder may include physical therapy, medications, surgery, and other procedures.

Muscle Atrophy in Orthopedic Course

Muscle atrophy is the wasting or thinning of muscle mass. It can be caused by disuse of your muscles or neurogenic conditions. Symptoms include a decrease in muscle mass, one limb being smaller than the other, and numbness, weakness, and tingling in your limbs. Disuse atrophy can be reversed with exercise and a healthy diet.

What causes muscle atrophy?

The cause of muscle atrophy depends on the type you have. Disuse (physiologic) atrophy is caused by not using your muscles enough. If you stop using your muscles, your body won’t waste the energy it needs to take care of them. Instead, your body will start to break your muscles down, which causes them to decrease in size and strength. Disuse atrophy may affect you if you:

Lead a sedentary lifestyle.
Are malnourished.
Don’t get enough exercise.
Sit at a desk job all day.
Are on best rest.
Have a genetic disorder such as muscular dystrophy or Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
Can’t move your limbs due to a stroke or other conditions such as dermatomyositis.
Have age-related atrophy (sarcopenia).

Types of Bone Fracture for Orthopedic Course

Closed (simple) fracture – the broken bone has not pierced the skin.
Open (compound) fracture – the broken bone juts out through the skin, or a wound leads to the fracture site. Infection and external bleeding are more likely.
Greenstick fracture – a small, slender crack in the bone. This can occur in children because their bones are more flexible than an adult’s bones.
Hairline fracture – the most common form is a stress fracture, often occurring in the foot or lower leg as a result of repeated stress from activities such as jogging or running.
Complicated fracture – structures surrounding the fracture are injured. There may be damage to the veins, arteries, or nerves, and there may also be injury to the lining of the bone (the periosteum).
Comminuted fracture – the bone is shattered into small pieces. This type of complicated fracture tends to heal more slowly.
Avulsion fracture – muscles are anchored to the bone with tendons, a type of connective tissue. Powerful muscle contractions can wrench the tendon free and pull out pieces of bone. This type of fracture is more common in the knee and shoulder joints.
Compression fracture – occurs when 2 bones are forced against each other. The bones of the spine, called vertebrae, can have this type of fracture. Older people, particularly those with osteoporosis, are at higher risk.

Muscle Cramp in Orthopedic Course

A muscle cramp is an uncontrollable and painful spasm of a muscle. Any muscle can be affected, but the muscles of the calf and foot are particularly prone. A cramp can last for varying periods and generally resolves by itself. The exact cause of cramps is unknown but risk factors may include poor physical condition, mineral and electrolyte imbalances, and tight, inflexible muscles.

Cramps are usually harmless but may sometimes be symptomatic of an underlying medical disorder, such as atherosclerosis (narrowing of the arteries). Regular cramping or severe cramping that lasts longer than a few minutes should always be investigated by your doctor.

Risk Factors of Muscle Cramps in Orthopedic Course

tight, inflexible muscles
poor physical condition
poor muscle tone
inadequate diet
physical overexertion
physical exertion of cold muscles
muscle injury
muscle fatigue
excessive perspiration
dehydration – caused by, for example, a bout of gastroenteritis
reduced blood supply (ischemia)
wearing high-heeled shoes for lengthy periods.

Fibromyalgia in Orthopedic Course

Fibromyalgia causes pain in your muscles and joints throughout your body. It can also make you feel fatigued and cause mental symptoms like memory problems. Experts don’t know what causes fibromyalgia — and there’s no cure for it — but a healthcare provider will help you find treatments to manage your symptoms.

Fibromyalgia is a long-term (chronic) health condition that causes pain and tenderness throughout your body. It causes musculoskeletal pain and fatigue.

People with fibromyalgia usually experience symptoms that come and go in periods called flare-ups. Sometimes, it can feel exhausting and challenging to navigate living with fibromyalgia. The peaks and valleys between feeling good and suddenly having a flare-up of symptoms can feel overwhelming. Fibromyalgia is real, and so is how you feel.

Experts don’t know what causes fibromyalgia, but studies have found that certain health conditions, stress and other changes in your life might trigger it. You might be more likely to develop fibromyalgia if one of your biological parents has it.

Any new pain in your body is often the first sign of fibromyalgia — especially in your muscles. Trust your instincts and listen to your body. Visit a healthcare provider if you’re experiencing new pain, fatigue, and other symptoms — even if it feels like they come and go.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in Orthopedic Course

Carpal tunnel syndrome is when the median nerve is compressed as it passes through the carpal tunnel. The carpal tunnel is an opening in your wrist that is formed by the carpal bones on the bottom of the wrist and the transverse carpal ligament across the top of the wrist. The median nerve provides sensory and motor functions to the thumb and 3 middle fingers. If it gets compressed or irritated, you may have symptoms.

Ankylosing Spondylitis in Orthopedic Course

Inflammation of the joints and ligaments of the spine is called Ankylosing Spondylitis. Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of arthritis. It may also affect peripheral joints like the knees, ankles, and hips. Normally, the joints and ligaments in the spine help us move and bend. If we have ankylosing spondylitis, the inflammation in the joints and tissues of the spine can cause stiffness. This may cause the vertebrae to fuse (grow together) in severe cases. When the vertebrae fuse, it can lead to a rigid and inflexible spine.

Causes of Ankylosing Spondylitis in Orthopedic Course

Ankylosing spondylitis has no known specific cause, though genetic factors seem to be involved. In particular, people who have a gene called HLA-B27 are at a greatly increased risk of developing ankylosing spondylitis. However, only some people with the gene develop the condition.

Bursitis in Orthopedic Course

Bursitis is a painful condition that affects the small, fluid-filled sacs — called bursae (bur-SEE) — that cushion the bones, tendons, and muscles near your joints. Bursitis occurs when bursae become inflamed.

The most common locations for bursitis are in the shoulder, elbow, and hip. But you can also have bursitis by your knee, heel, and the base of your big toe. Bursitis often occurs near joints that perform frequent repetitive motion.

Treatment typically involves resting the affected joint and protecting it from further trauma. In most cases, bursitis pain goes away within a few weeks with proper treatment, but recurrent flare-ups of bursitis are common.

Symptoms of Bursitis in Orthopedic Course

If you have bursitis, the affected joint might:

Feel achy or stiff
Hurt more when you move it or press on it
Look swollen and red

Causes of Bursitis in Orthopedic Course

The most common causes of bursitis are repetitive motions or positions that put pressure on the bursae around a joint. Examples include:

Throwing a baseball or lifting something over your head repeatedly
Leaning on your elbows for long periods
Extensive kneeling for tasks such as laying carpet or scrubbing floors

Knee Pain in Orthopedic Course

Knee pain is a common complaint that affects people of all ages. Knee pain may be the result of an injury, such as a ruptured ligament or torn cartilage. Medical conditions — including arthritis, gout, and infections — also can cause knee pain.

Many types of minor knee pain respond well to self-care measures. Physical therapy and knee braces also can help relieve pain. In some cases, however, your knee may require surgical repair.

Arthritis that Affects the Knee in Orthopedic Course

Osteoarthritis. Sometimes called degenerative arthritis, osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis. It’s a wear-and-tear condition that occurs when the cartilage in your knee deteriorates with use and age.
Rheumatoid arthritis. The most debilitating form of arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition that can affect almost any joint in your body, including your knees. Although rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic disease, it tends to vary in severity and may even come and go.
Gout. This type of arthritis occurs when uric acid crystals build up in the joint. While gout most commonly affects the big toe, it can also occur in the knee.
Pseudogout. Often mistaken for gout, pseudogout is caused by calcium-containing crystals that develop in the joint fluid. The knees are the most common joint affected by pseudogout.
Septic arthritis. Sometimes your knee joint can become infected, leading to swelling, pain, and redness. Septic arthritis often occurs with a fever, and there’s usually no trauma before the onset of pain. Septic arthritis can quickly cause extensive damage to the knee cartilage. If you have knee pain with any of the symptoms of septic arthritis, see your doctor right away.

Shoulder Arthritis in Orthopedic Course

Shoulder arthritis is inflammation in your shoulder joint. The inflammation causes pain and stiffness. It makes lifting your arm uncomfortable.

The main joint of your shoulder is a “ball and socket” joint. It’s where the “ball” of your upper arm (humerus) rests against the “socket,” or hollowed-out cup, on the edge of your shoulder blade (scapula). This joint is called the glenohumeral joint.

Shoulder arthritis can also happen at a second joint in your shoulder where your collarbone (clavicle) meets the acromion on your shoulder blade. This joint is called the acromioclavicular joint or AC joint.

Over time, arthritis leads to cartilage loss. Cartilage is the tissue that covers the humeral head and the “socket” of your shoulder joint. Cartilage allows the bone surfaces to glide within the joint. It also cushions your bones against impact.

In the end stage of shoulder arthritis, without protective cartilage, bones in the joint rub directly against each other.

Orthopedic Nursing & Management for Orthopedic Course

Role of Orthopedic Nurse

1. Orthopedic nursing practice facilitates the promotion of wellness and self-care, the maintenance of health, and the prevention of injury and illness in the care of individuals of all ages with degenerative, traumatic, inflammatory, neuromuscular, congenital, metabolic, and oncologic disorders of the muscular system.

2. The orthopedic nurse diagnoses and treats human response to actual and potential health problems related to musculoskeletal function

3. An orthopedic nurse provides quality care to restore the function of the musculoskeletal system and prevent complications.

4. Participate in peer review to assure competent practice.

5. An orthopedic nurse provides emotional and mental support to his/her patient.

6. Designing and implementing a system to evaluate care based on identified criteria.

7. Inform other health professionals and the community about the specialty of orthopedic nursing.

7. Use research findings in clinical practice and contribute to nursing research.

8. Advanced orthopedic nursing practice requires substantial theoretical knowledge and clinical expertise in orthopedic nursing and at least master’s degree preparation.

9. Serve as an educator, mentor, and role model for nursing colleagues, students, and others

10. The advanced orthopedic nurse may fulfill the roles of direct caregiver, consultant, educator, researcher, administrator, and primary health care provider.

11. Be politically aware and proactive concerning health care issues.

12. The professional orthopedic nurse bases clinical judgment and decision-making on the nursing process nursing theory and research as well as specific orthopedic knowledge.

13. An orthopedic nurse provides quality care for the promotion of comfort, mobility, and self-care activities.

14. Developing and implementing a plan of care including mutually set goals that are unique to the individual.

15. Maintain current orthopedic knowledge through formal and informal education.

Nursing Management for Orthopedic Course

Management of Post Operative Patient

After orthopedic surgery, the nurse continues the preoperative care plan, modifying it to match the patient’s current postoperative status. The nurse reassesses the patient’s needs about pain, neurovascular status, health promotion, mobility, and self-esteem. Skeletal trauma and surgery performed on bones, muscles, or joints can produce significant pain, especially during the first 1 or 2 postoperative days. Tissue perfusion must be monitored closely because edema and bleeding into the tissues can compromise circulation and result in compartment syndrome.

The nurse notes the prescribed limits on mobility and assesses the patient’s understanding of the mobility restrictions. The nurse discusses the plan of care with the patient and encourages active participation in the plan.

The nurse assesses and monitors the patient for potential problems related to the surgery. Frequent assessment of vital signs, level of consciousness, neurovascular status, wound drainage, breath sounds, bowel sounds, fluid balance, and pain provides the nurse with data that may suggest the possible development of complications. The nurse reports abnormal findings to the physician promptly.

With major orthopedic surgery, there is a risk of hypovolemic shock because of blood loss. Muscle dissection frequently produces wounds in which hemostasis is poor. Wounds that are closed under tourniquet control may bleed during the postoperative period. The nurse must be alert for signs of hypovolemic shock.

Changes in the patient’s pulse rate, respiratory rate, or color may indicate pulmonary or cardiovascular complications. Atelectasis and pneumonia are common and may be related to preexisting pulmonary disease, deep anesthesia, decreased activity, analgesics, and reduced respiratory reserve due to advanced age or an underlying musculoskeletal disorder.