Paramedical 1 Year

Paramedical 1 Year Course

Paramedical 1 Year is a short paramedical course. This course is very helpful for pharmacy business and primary treatment. HRTD Medical Institute provides this course. HRTD Medical Institute is an organization of HRTD Limited which is Registered by the Govt of the People Republic of Bangladesh.

Location of Paramedical 1 Year

HRTD Medical Institute, Abdul Ali Madbor Mansion, Folpotty Mosjid Goli (Bitul Mamur Jame Mosjid Goli), Plot No. 11, Metro Rail Piller No. 249, Mirpur 10 Golchattar, Dhaka.

Total Cost for Paramedical 1 Year

Total Cost -52500 tk

Admission fee -10500 tk

Monthly fee -(3000×12) 36000 tk

Exam fee (2×3000) 6000 tk

Class System for Paramedical 1 Year

Class System for Paramedical 1 Year in Dhaka : Weekly Class 3 hours. For Job holders 3 hours in a day. The option days are Friday Morning Shift from 9:00 AM to 12:00 PM, Friday Evening Shift from 3:00 PM to 6:00 PM, Monday Morning Shift from 9:00 AM to 12:00 PM, Monday Evening Shift from 3:00 PM to 6:00 PM. Saturday Morning Shift from 10am to 1 Pm, Evening Shift from 3 pm to 6 pm.

For Regular Students Saturday 1 hour, Monday 1 hour, and Friday 1 hour. Morning Shift From 9:00 AM to 12:00 PM, and Evening Shift From 3:00 PM to 6:00 PM.

Subjects for Paramedical 1 Year

1. Human Anatomy and Physiology
2. Pharmacology
3. First Aid
4. Study of OTC Drugs
5. Practice of Medicine-1
6. Hematology and Pathology
7. Microbiology and Antimicrobial Drugs
8. Study of Gastrology
9. Study of Cardiology
10. Study of Orthopedics

Teachers for Paramedical 1 Year

1. Dr. Sakulur Rahman, MBBS, PGT, CCD
2. Dr. Shamima, MBBS
3. Dr. Disha, MBBS
4. Dr. Tisha, MBBS
5. Dr. Sanjana, BDS
6. Dr. Juthi, BDS
7. Dr. Keya, BDS
8. Dr. Mahinul Islam, MBBS
9. Dr. Antora, MBBS
10. Dr. Turzo, MBBS

Practical Class for Paramedical 1 Year

Practical Works. Mobile Phone 01797522136, 01987073965. There are many practical works in the Paramedical 1 Year. The Practical works are Heart Beat, Heart Rate, Pulse, Pulse Rate, Weak Pulse, Strong Pulse, Atrial Beat, Ventricular Beat, Tachycardia, Bradycardia, Arrhythmia, Heart Sound, Normal Heart Sound, Abnormal Heart Sound, Cardiac Mur Mur, Blood Pressure, Systolic Blood Pressure, Diastolic Blood Pressure, Pulse Pressure, Mean Blood Pressure.

Hypertension, Hypotension, Hypertension Emergency, Management of Hypertension, Management of Hypotension, Management of Hypertension Emergency, IM Injection, IV Injection, SC Injection, ID Injection, Saline Pushing, Application of Eye Drops, Application of Pediatric Medicine, Emergency Respiratory Drugs, Use of Inhaler, Use of Ratahaler, Use of Nebulizer.

BMI, Normal Body Weight, Under Weight, Over Weight, Obesity, Cleaning, Dressing, Bandaging, Use of Mouth Anti Septic Mouth Wash, Use of Suppository, Use of Eye Drops, Use of Ear Drops, Use of Skin Ointment and Cream, Canulla Setting, Post Surgical Cleaning, Post Surgical Dressing, Post Surgical Bandaging, Post Surgical Pain Management. Roller Bandage, Triangular Bandage.

Making Suspension from PFS, Making Solution from ORS, Auscultation, Auscultation of Thorax, Respiratory Auscultation, Abdominal Auscultation, Percussion, Appendicitis Pulpation, Prescription Understanding, Report Understanding, X-Ray Report Understanding, Blood Test Report Understanding, Urine Test Report Understanding, ECG Report Understanding, Echo Report Understanding, ETT Report Understanding.

Human Anatomy and Physiology for Paramedical 1 Year

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Human anatomy is the scientific study of the body’s structures, divided into gross anatomy (visible parts) and microscopic anatomy (cells, tissues via microscope). It’s studied through methods like regional (body parts), systemic (body systems like skeletal, nervous, digestive), and clinical approaches, using tools from dissection to advanced medical imaging (MRI, CT) to understand the musculoskeletal, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, and other vital systems, crucial for medicine. 

Main Branches

• Gross Anatomy (Macroscopic): Study of structures visible to the naked eye, including superficial (surface) anatomy.
• Microscopic Anatomy: Uses microscopes; includes:
  • Histology: Study of tissues.
  • Cytology: Study of cells. 

Key Study Methods

• Regional Anatomy: Focuses on specific body areas (e.g., head, limbs).
• Systemic Anatomy: Organizes the body by functional systems (e.g., cardiovascular, nervous).
• Clinical/Applied Anatomy: Practical application for medicine.
• Medical Imaging: CT, MRI, X-ray for non-invasive views. 

Major Body Systems

• Skeletal & Muscular: Bones, muscles for movement, posture, heat.
• Nervous: Brain, spinal cord, nerves for control.
• Circulatory (Cardiovascular): Heart, blood vessels for transport.
• Respiratory: Lungs, airways for breathing.
• Digestive: Mouth, stomach, intestines for nutrient processing.
• Integumentary: Skin, hair, nails for protection, sensation.
• Endocrine: Glands producing hormones.
• Urinary (Excretory): Kidneys, bladder for waste removal.
• Reproductive: Organs for reproduction.
• Immune: Defense against pathogens. 

Human physiology is the scientific study of how the normal human body and its systems (like nervous, cardiovascular, digestive) function, focusing on the chemical and physical processes that keep us alive, maintain stability (homeostasis), and adapt to challenges, from molecular levels up to organs and systems working together. It’s the foundation of medicine, explaining the “how” and “why” behind bodily functions and what goes wrong in disease.  

Core Concepts

• Function & Mechanism: Explores the mechanical, physical, and biochemical operations of cells, tissues, organs, and systems. 
• Homeostasis: A central theme; the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment (e.g., temperature, blood sugar, pH) despite external changes. 
• Integration: Studies how different organ systems (nervous, endocrine, respiratory, etc.) work together to achieve overall body function. 
• Levels of Organization: Examines functions from atoms and molecules to cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. 

Key Organ Systems Studied

• Nervous System: Relays signals, controls responses (brain, nerves).
• Endocrine System: Regulates via hormones (glands).
• Cardiovascular System: Circulates blood (heart, vessels).
• Respiratory System: Gas exchange (lungs).
• Digestive System: Nutrient processing (stomach, intestines).
• Urinary/Excretory System: Waste removal (kidneys).
• Musculoskeletal, Reproductive, etc. . 

Pharmacology for Paramedical 1 Year

Pharmacology is the scientific study of drugs and chemicals, exploring how they interact with living systems to prevent, diagnose, or treat diseases, covering their origins, effects (pharmacodynamics), how the body handles them (pharmacokinetics), and their toxicology. It bridges basic sciences like biology and chemistry, involving drug discovery, development, and understanding molecular mechanisms to improve health, distinct from pharmacy, which focuses on drug use in clinical settings.  

What Pharmacology Studies for Paramedical 1 Year

• Drug Action: How drugs bind to molecular targets (receptors, enzymes) and cause effects. 
• Pharmacokinetics (ADME): What the body does to the drug (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion). 
• Pharmacodynamics (PD): What the drug does to the body (physiological/behavioral effects). 
• Toxicology: Adverse effects and mechanisms of toxicity. 
• Drug Development: From identifying targets to designing and testing new medicines. 

Key Areas & Sub-disciplines

• Clinical Pharmacology: Study of drugs in humans.
• Molecular Pharmacology: Focuses on molecular mechanisms of drug action.
• Neuropharmacology: Drugs affecting the nervous system.
• Cardiovascular Pharmacology: Drugs affecting the heart and blood vessels. 

First Aid for Paramedical 1 Year

A first aid subject involves learning immediate care for injuries/illnesses (CPR, bleeding, burns, fractures, shock, poisoning, etc.) to preserve life, prevent worsening, and promote recovery until professionals arrive, covering principles like safety, assessing the scene (DRSABC), and practical skills for emergencies, acting as a crucial bridge to professional medical help. 

1. Preserve Life: Essential actions like CPR/AED, managing severe bleeding.
2. Prevent Deterioration: Stop the condition from getting worse (e.g., keeping a shock victim calm).
3. Promote Recovery: Encourage healing and prepare for professional care.
4. Alleviate Pain: Provide comfort and simple treatments. 
5. Cardiovascular Emergencies: CPR, AED use, heart attacks, stroke.
6. Breathing Issues: Choking, rescue breaths.
7. Wound Care: Bleeding control, dressings, burns.
8. Musculoskeletal Injuries: Fractures, sprains, dislocations, splinting.
9. Medical Emergencies: Shock, fainting, diabetes, seizures.
10. Environmental/Poisoning: Heat/cold emergencies, bites, stings, poisonings. 
11. Danger: Check for hazards to yourself and the casualty.
12. Response: See if the person is conscious.
13. Send for help/Call Emergency Services.
14. Airway: Open the airway.
15. Breathing: Check for normal breathing.
16. CPR/Bleeding Control/Other care.

Study of OTC Drugs for Paramedical 1 Year

Studying Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs involves understanding their use for minor ailments, prevalence of self-medication, associated risks (like misuse of painkillers, antibiotics), contributing factors (accessibility, cost, advertising), and the need for public education and regulation, with research often using surveys to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices among different populations, like students, to improve safe usage. Key areas include pharmacology (drug actions), dosing, potential side effects, misuse (e.g., DXM, loperamide), and public health implications. 

Core Topics in OTC Drug Studies

• Pharmacology & Pharmacokinetics: How OTC drugs work, their absorption, metabolism (half-life), excretion, and how body factors (weight, age) affect them.
• Prevalence & Patterns: How often people use them, for what conditions (headache, cough, stomach issues), and which types (NSAIDs, antacids, etc.) are most common.
• Self-Medication: Motivations (convenience, cost, time), influences (peers, ads, pharmacies), and common practices.
• Risks & Misuse: Overuse, masking serious conditions, interactions with prescription drugs, and abuse (e.g., “robo-tripping” with DXM).
• Knowledge & Attitudes: Public awareness of dangers, side effects, expiry dates, and appropriate actions (e.g., stopping use if side effects occur).
• Regulatory Aspects: Need for control, education, and ensuring safe access to manage public health. 

Key Findings from Research

• High Prevalence: OTC use for minor issues is common, especially among students and urban populations due to easy access.
• Common Drugs: Analgesics (painkillers), antacids, cough/cold meds are frequently used.
• Knowledge Gaps: People often underestimate risks or believe they can combine OTCs with prescribed meds.
• Urgent Needs: Better education on risks (antibiotic resistance from misuse), improved regulation, and affordable care. 

How to Study This Subject

• Literature Review: Read studies from sources like National Institutes of Health (NIH), Cigna, and Bangladesh Journals Online.
• Surveys/Questionnaires: Use structured tools (like those validated in Frontiers) to assess population practices.
• Educational Resources: Explore NIDA Drug Facts for misuse info or MedlinePlus for basics. 

Practice of Medicine-1 for Paramedical 1 Year

Practice of Medicine-1 (PoM-1) is typically an early-stage medical subject focusing on core internal medicine principles, encompassing general patient assessment, diagnosis, management of common illnesses, clinical procedures (like blood draws, cannulation), understanding basic pathologies, and developing professional ethics, communication, and emergency skills, often within MBBS or BHMS (Homeopathy) curricula in phases before advanced clinical specialization. It bridges basic sciences with clinical application, preparing students for patient care and further specialization. 

Key Aspects of PoM-1 for Paramedical 1 Year

• Diagnostic Skills: Learning history taking, physical examination, and interpretation of basic tests.
• Common Diseases: Understanding prevalent medical conditions (cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, etc.).
• Clinical Procedures: Performing essential skills like IV insertion, NG tube placement, and arterial blood gas sampling.
• Ethics & Communication: Developing empathy, patient reassurance, and understanding ethical implications.
• Emergency Care: Recognizing and providing initial management for medical emergencies.
• Professionalism: Cultivating attitudes for lifelong learning and adapting to new medical knowledge. 

Context in Curricula:

• MBBS: Often appears in later preclinical or early clinical phases (Phase IV in some models).
• BHMS (Homeopathy): A dedicated subject in the 3rd/4th year, focusing on the application of homeopathic principles in practice. 

Why it’s Important:
It’s foundational for producing competent doctors, integrating scientific knowledge with practical skills for patient-centered, effective care, as highlighted by bodies like the BM&DC (Bangladesh Medical & Dental Council) and GMC (General Medical Council). 

Hematology and Pathology for Paramedical 1 Year

Hematology for Paramedical 1 Year

Hematology is the branch of medicine studying blood, blood-forming organs (like bone marrow), and blood diseases, covering cellular components (RBCs, WBCs, platelets), plasma, coagulation, and conditions like anemia, leukemia, lymphoma, and clotting disorders, involving both clinical care and lab diagnostics (e.g., CBCs, bone marrow biopsies) to understand, diagnose, and treat these conditions. 

What Hematology Covers for Paramedical 1 Year

• Blood Components: Red blood cells (oxygen transport), white blood cells (immunity), platelets (clotting), and plasma (fluid, proteins).
• Blood-Forming Tissues: Focuses heavily on bone marrow (where blood cells are made) and lymphatic systems.
• Hematopoiesis: The process of blood cell formation. 

Key Areas & Disorders Studied

• Anemias: Low red blood cell count (e.g., sickle cell anemia).
• Cancers: Leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma (blood, lymph node, bone marrow cancers).
• Clotting Disorders: Hemophilia, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), thrombophilia (bleeding or clotting issues).
• Infections: Sepsis. 

Who Works in Hematology?

• Hematologists: Physicians specializing in blood disorders, often managing patient care.
• Hematopathologists: Pathologists specializing in diagnosing blood diseases through lab analysis.
• Often Coupled with Oncology: Many train in Hematology-Oncology due to the overlap with blood cancers. 

Common Tests & Procedures

• Complete Blood Count (CBC): A basic blood test.
• Blood Film/Smear Analysis: Microscopic examination of blood cells.
• Bone Marrow Biopsy: To study blood cell production.
• Coagulation Studies: To assess clotting function. 

Why It’s Important

Hematology is crucial because blood disorders are common, affect many bodily functions, and require specialized knowledge for accurate diagnosis and effective management, from simple anemia to complex cancers

Pathology for Paramedical 1 Year

Pathology is the medical subject focused on the study of disease, acting as a bridge between science and medicine by investigating disease causes (etiology), development (pathogenesis), and effects (structural changes) to aid in patient diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, involving lab tests on blood, tissues, and fluids, and examining cells and molecules. Key areas include surgical pathology (tissues), cytopathology (cells), and molecular pathology (genes/proteins). Studying pathology requires strong science backgrounds, often in biology/chemistry, and involves understanding how diseases affect the body at cellular and molecular levels. 

What Pathology Covers for Paramedical 1 Year

• General Pathology: Basic mechanisms of disease, inflammation, cell adaptation, and tumors (neoplasia).
• Systemic Pathology: How diseases affect specific organs (e.g., heart, lungs, kidneys).
• Laboratory Medicine: Analysis of blood, urine, and other bodily fluids (Clinical Pathology/Chemical Pathology).
• Diagnostic Pathology:
  • Histopathology: Microscopic study of diseased tissues.
  • Cytopathology: Study of cells (e.g., Pap smears).
  • Molecular Pathology: DNA, RNA, and protein analysis for genetic diseases.
• Autopsy Pathology: Post-mortem examinations to determine cause of death. 

Why It’s Important

• Provides crucial diagnostic information for nearly all patient care.
• Helps identify disease severity and monitor treatment effectiveness.
• Uses advanced techniques like immunohistochemistry and genetic testing. 

How to Study Pathology for Paramedical 1 Year

• Prerequisites: Strong A-Levels or 10+2 in Science subjects (Biology, Chemistry).
• Courses: Undergraduate (BSc) and Postgraduate (MD/MSc) degrees in Pathology or related medical fields.
• Training: Includes extensive lab work, theoretical study, and practical experience. 

Microbiology and Antimicrobial Drugs for Paramedical 1 Year

Microbiology for Paramedical 1 Year

Microbiology is the scientific study of microscopic organisms (microbes) like bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, and protozoa, exploring their structure, function, growth, and interactions, crucial for medicine, food, environment, and biotech. Core subjects include General Microbiology, Biochemistry, Genetics, Cell Biology, Immunology, Virology, and Environmental Microbiology, with specializations in Medical, Industrial, or Food Microbiology. It’s a diverse field vital for understanding disease, developing treatments (like antibiotics/vaccines), and harnessing microbes for beneficial applications. 

Core Areas of Study for Paramedical 1 Year

• General Microbiology: Basics of microbial life, types, and techniques.
• Microbial Physiology & Metabolism: How microbes grow, produce energy, and function (e.g., respiration, fermentation).
• Microbial Genetics: DNA, genome organization, and genetic engineering.
• Biochemistry & Biophysics: Chemical makeup and physical properties of microbes. 

Key Branches & Specializations

• Medical Microbiology/Immunology: Pathogens, disease diagnosis (e.g., bacteria causing UTIs, meningitis), immunity, vaccines.
• Environmental Microbiology: Microbes in soil, water, and their roles in bioremediation.
• Food Microbiology: Microbes in food production, spoilage, and safety.
• Industrial Microbiology: Using microbes for fermentation, waste treatment, and biotech.
• Virology: Study of viruses, viral diseases, and methods.
• Bioinformatics: Computational analysis of microbial genomes and data. 

Why It’s Studied

• To understand infections and develop treatments.
• To improve food safety and production.
• To use microbes in biotechnology and environmental cleanup.
• Because microbes are fundamental to life on Earth, existing everywhere. 

Antimicrobial Drugs for Paramedical 1 Year

The subject of Antimicrobial Drugs covers medicines (antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, antiparasitics) that kill or stop the growth of microbes causing infections in humans, animals, and plants, focusing on their types, mechanisms of action (how they work, e.g., bactericidal vs. bacteriostatic), selective toxicity (harming microbes but not hosts), resistance issues (AMR), and their crucial role in modern medicine against diseases, notes ScienceDirect.com and World Health Organization (WHO). Key aspects include their discovery, development, use in treating infections, and the global threat of resistance due to misuse, impacting everything from surgeries to food security, reports World Health Organization (WHO) and National Institutes of Health (NIH). 

Key Areas of Study for Paramedical 1 Year

• Types of Agents: Antibiotics (bacteria), Antifungals (fungi), Antivirals (viruses), Antiparasitics (parasites).
• Mechanisms of Action (MOA): How drugs inhibit or kill microbes, such as disrupting cell walls (penicillins) or protein synthesis, notes National Institutes of Health (NIH), ScienceDirect.com.
• Selective Toxicity: Designing drugs to target microbial cells without harming host cells, a core principle.
• Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): When microbes evolve to resist drugs, making infections untreatable; a major health concern.
• Pharmacokinetics: How drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body.
• Clinical Applications: Treating bacterial, fungal, viral, and parasitic infections. 

Importance & Challenges

• Revolutionized Medicine: Once fatal diseases became treatable.
• Threat to Modern Medicine: Resistance threatens surgeries (hip replacements, organ transplants) and cancer treatments.
• Global Crisis: Driven by misuse in humans, animals, and agriculture, reports World Health Organization (WHO).
• Drug Development: Need for new antimicrobials with novel MOAs, but development has slowed, notes ScienceDirect.com

Study of Gastrology for Paramedical 1 Year

The study of Gastroenterology (often shortened to GI) is a major branch of medicine focused on the digestive system—its normal functions and diseases, covering the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and bile ducts, involving physiology, motility, digestion, absorption, and waste removal, plus conditions like IBS, reflux, hepatitis, ulcers, IBD, and GI cancers. It’s a complex field requiring deep knowledge of anatomy, microbiology, immunology, and advanced procedures like endoscopies. 

Core Areas of Study for Paramedical 1 Year

• Organs: Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), rectum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, bile ducts, mouth, throat.
• Processes: Motility (movement of food), digestion, nutrient absorption, waste elimination, liver function.
• Conditions & Diseases: Heartburn (GERD), peptic ulcers, Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD – Crohn’s/Colitis), hepatitis, gallstones, pancreatitis, celiac disease, polyps, GI cancers, nutritional issues, jaundice. 

Key Activities & Procedures

• Diagnosis: Investigating symptoms like abdominal pain, bloating, vomiting, bleeding, changes in bowel habits, heartburn, weight loss.
• Procedures: Performing gastroscopy, colonoscopy, managing nutrition, liver biopsies, potentially other endoscopic interventions. 

What It Involves

• Medical Specialization: A doctor (gastroenterologist) completes MBBS (or equivalent) and then specializes in GI.
• Broad Knowledge: Requires understanding related fields like pharmacology, oncology, immunology, microbiology, and nutrition.
• Research: Involves basic science research into GI hormones, genetics, and new treatments (like antiviral therapies for Hepatitis C). 

Study of Cardiology for Paramedical 1 Year

Cardiology is the medical study of the heart and circulatory system, focusing on diagnosing, treating, and preventing heart-related issues like coronary artery disease, heart failure, congenital defects, and arrhythmias, involving both clinical practice (cardiologists) and technological advancements. Studying it involves comprehensive knowledge of cardiac anatomy, physiology, pathology, and treatments, with paths from BSc programs (technology/diagnosis) to MDs/DM (clinical specialization). 

Core Areas of Study for Paramedical 1 Year

• Anatomy & Physiology: Structure and function of the heart and vessels.
• Pathology: Diseases like coronary artery disease, heart failure, valve disorders, hypertension.
• Diagnostics: Echocardiography, ECG, nuclear cardiology, cardiac catheterization.
• Treatments: Medications, pacemakers, angioplasty, heart transplants.
• Subspecialties: Interventional Cardiology, Electrophysiology, Pediatric Cardiology, Cardio-oncology, Heart Failure Management. 

Educational Paths for Paramedical 1 Year

• Undergraduate: BSc in Cardiology (3 years) or MBBS (medical degree).
• Postgraduate: MD (Internal Medicine, then Cardiology) or DM (Doctorate of Medicine in Cardiology) for clinical practice; MSc in Cardiology for research/tech.
• Focus: From BSc focusing on technology/diagnosis to MD/DM for clinical treatment and research. 

Career Prospects

• Roles: Cardiologist, Cardiac Technologist, Cardiovascular Technician.
• Settings: Hospitals, clinics, research.
• Demand: High, due to rising cardiovascular diseases globally. 

Key Skills

• Strong foundation in biology/medicine.
• Proficiency with advanced medical equipment.
• Problem-solving and critical thinking

Study of Orthopedics for Paramedical 1 Year

The study of Orthopedics focuses on the musculoskeletal system (bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, muscles, nerves) to diagnose and treat injuries/diseases, covering everything from fractures, arthritis, and tumors to sports injuries, spinal issues, and joint replacements, involving anatomy, imaging, surgery, and rehabilitation to restore movement and function. It’s a surgical specialty requiring extensive training after medical school (MBBS), leading to residency and potential subspecialties like sports medicine or spine surgery. 

Core Areas of Study for Paramedical 1 Year

• Anatomy: Detailed study of bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, tendons, and nerves.
• Trauma: Management of fractures, dislocations, and acute soft tissue injuries.
• Joint Disorders: Arthritis, osteoarthritis, joint replacements (hip, knee).
• Spinal Conditions: Scoliosis, disc problems, spinal injuries, nerve compression.
• Pediatric Orthopedics: Congenital deformities, growth plate injuries.
• Musculoskeletal Tumors: Benign and malignant bone tumors.
• Imaging: Using X-rays, MRI, CT scans for diagnosis.
• Rehabilitation: Restoring function through physical therapy and other methods. 

Key Topics & Procedures

• Fracture Management: Reduction (setting bones) and stabilization (casting, surgery).
• Joint Replacement Surgery: Replacing damaged joints with artificial ones.
• Arthroscopy: Minimally invasive joint surgery, often for sports injuries.
• Spinal Surgery: Addressing spine deformities or disc issues.
• Orthotics & Prosthetics: Devices to support or replace limbs. 

Career Path

1. Undergraduate Degree: Pre-med focus (Biology, Chemistry).
2. MBBS/MD: Medical school.
3. Internship: One year of rotating clinical experience.
4. Residency: 4-5 years in Orthopedic Surgery.
5. Fellowship (Optional): Specialization in areas like sports, spine, hand, or pediatric orthopedics